DAPAGLIFLOZIN, BMS-512148

ダパグリフロジン;

(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol,

Cas 461432-26-8

Dapagliflozin propandiol monohydrate; 960404-48-2

Bristol-Myers Squibb (Originator)
AstraZeneca

TYPE 2 DIABETES,SGLT-2 Inhibitors

launched 2012,  as forxiga in EU, FDA 2014, JAPAN PMDA 2014

Dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate was first approved by European Medicine Agency (EMA) on November 12, 2012, then approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on January 8, 2014, and approved by Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan (PMDA) on March 24, 2014. It was co-developed and co-marketed as Forxiga^® by Bristol-Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca in EU.

Dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Forxiga^® is available as tablet for oral use, containing 5 mg or 10 mg of free Dapagliflozin. The recommended starting dose is 5 mg once daily in the morning.

Dapagliflozin propanediol is a solvate containing 1:1:1 ratio of the dapagliflozin, (S)-(+)-1,2-propanediol, and water.

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002322/WC500136024.pdf

US——-In 2011, the product was not recommended for approval by the FDA’s Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee. In 2011, the FDA assigned a complete response letter to the application. A new application was resubmitted in 2013 by Bristol-Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca in the U.S

http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM262996.pdf

WILMINGTON, Del. & PRINCETON, N.J.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--December 12, 2013--

USFDA

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2014/202293Orig1s000ChemR.pdf

Sales：

$518.7 Million (Y2015); 
$235.8 Million (Y2014);
$33 Million (Y2013);

ATC Code：

A10BX09

• US
• EU
• JP

AstraZeneca (NYSE:AZN) and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (NYSE:BMY) today announced the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee (EMDAC) voted 13-1 that the benefits of dapagliflozin use outweigh identified risks and support marketing of dapagliflozin as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Advisory Committee also voted 10-4 that the data provided sufficient evidence that dapagliflozin, relative to comparators, has an acceptable cardiovascular risk profile.

The FDA is not bound by the Advisory Committee’s recommendation but takes its advice into consideration when reviewing the application for an investigational agent. The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) goal date for dapagliflozin is Jan. 11, 2014.

Dapagliflozin is being reviewed by the FDA for use as monotherapy, and in combination with other antidiabetic agents, as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. It is a selective and reversible inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) that works independently of insulin to help remove excess glucose from the body. Dapagliflozin, an investigational compound in the U.S., was the first SGLT2 inhibitor to be approved anywhere in the world. Dapagliflozin is currently approved under the trade name [Forxiga](TM) for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes, along with diet and exercise, in 38 countries, including the European Union and Australia.

http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20131212-910828.html?dsk=y

Patent

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016178148A1/en

acetylating dapagliflozin to give D-glucitol, l ,5-anhydro-l -C-[4-chloro-3-[(4- ethoxyphenyl)methyl] phenyl]-, 2,3,4,6-tetraacetate, (IS)-, a compound of formula VIII;

PATENT

Indian Pat. Appl., 2014MU03972,

PAPER

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 26(14), 3947-3952; 2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968089618309386?

Graphical abstract

 

 

Scheme 1. Synthesis of target compounds 1-3. Reagents and conditions: (a) TMSCl, NMM, THF, 35 °C; (b) (COCl)2, CH2Cl2, DMF, then phenetole, AlCl3, 0 °C; (c) Et3SiH, BF3·OEt2, CH2Cl2, CH3CN, 25 °C; (d) n-BuLi, THF, toluene, -78 °C, then 2a followed by MeOH, CH3SO3H; (e) Et3SiH, BF3·OEt2, CH2Cl2, CH3CN, -10 °C; (f) Ac2O, pyridine, CH2Cl2, DMAP;

PATENT

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN294718957&_cid=P10-KZNMHZ-85508-1

Patent

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2021245253&_cid=P10-KZNM2Z-79073-1

Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a group of oral medicines used for treating diabetes that have been approved since 2013. SGLT2 inhibitors prevent the kidneys from re-absorbing glucose back into the blood by passing into the bladder. Glucose is re-absorbed back into the blood via the renal proximal tubules. SGLT2 is a protein predominantly expressed in the renal proximal tubules and is likely to be major transporter responsible for this uptake. Glucose-lowering effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors occurs via an insulin-independent mechanism mostly through glucosuria by increasing the urinary excretion of glucose.

It has been shown that the treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type II diabetes lowers HbAlc, reduces body weight, lowers systemic blood pressure (BP) and induces a small increase in LDL-C and HDL-C levels.

SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and glucose from the tubule and hence, more sodium is delivered in the macula densa causing arteriole dilation, reduced intraglomerular pressure and decreased hyperfiltration. SGLT2 inhibitors cause natriuresis and volume depletion, and an increase in circulating levels of renin, angiotensin and aldosterone. They also reduce albuminuria and slow GFR loss through mechanisms that appear independent of glycemia.

Dapagliflozin is a highly potent and reversible SGLT2 inhibitor, which increases the amount of glucose excreted in the urine and improves both fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Dapagliflozin has also been shown to tend to reduce liver fat content in some studies in a diabetic population.

Dapagliflozin is available on the market in the form of dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate and is sold under trade name Forxiga or Farxiga in the form of fdm-coated tablets. Further it is available on the market as a combination product with metformin hydrochloride which is sold under trade name Xigduo IR or Xigduo XR in the form of film-coated tablets. In addition, it is available on the market as a combination product with saxagliptin hydrochloride which is sold under trade name Qtem in the form of film-coated tablets. Moreover, it is available on the market as a combination product with saxagliptin hydrochloride and metformin hydrochloride which is sold under trade name Qtemmet XR in the form of film-coated tablets.

Dapagliflozin as a monotherapy and in a combination with other active substances has demonstrated its efficacy in improving glycaemic control and reducing body weight and blood pressure in a broad spectrum of patients with type II diabetes, including those with high baseline HbAlc and the elderly. A sustained reduction in serum uric acid concentration was also observed. Dapagliflozin provides significant improvement in HbAlc, reduction in insulin dose and reduction in body weight in patients with type 1 diabetes as adjunct therapy to adjustable insulin.

Dapagliflozin can be in its free form or any stereoisomer or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co crystal complex or a hydrate or a solvate thereof and in any polymorphic forms and any mixtures thereof.

Dapagliflozin as a substance was first disclosed in US 6,515,117. The process for the preparation of dapagliflozin involves the reaction of 4-bromo- 1 -chloro-2-(4-ethoxybenyl)benzene with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-trimethyl silyl -D-gluconolactone, the obtained compound 3 on demethoxylation yields diastereomeric mixture of Dapagliflozin. Hie diastereomeric mixture of dapagliflozin is further acetylated with acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine and dimethylaminopyridine yields, then recrystallized from absolute ethanol to yield the desired tetra-acetyJated b-C-glucoside as a white solid. Compound tetra-acetylated b-C-glucoside is treated with lithium hydroxide hydrate which undergoes deprotection to yield the compound dapagliflozin.

Several other documents, patents and applications disclose the process for the preparation of dapagliflozin such as for example WOO 127128, WO03099836, W02004063209, W02006034489,

W02010022313, WO2012019496, W02013064909, W02013068850, W02013079501, WO2014094544, WO2014159151, WO2014206299, W02015040571, WO2015044849, WO2015063726, WO2015132803, WO2015155739, W02016098016, WO2016128995, WO2016178148, WO2017042683, WO2017063617, W02018029611, WO2018029264, WO2018142422.

Prior art documents already provided some compositions of SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin.

W02008116179 discloses immediate release formulation in the form of a stock granulation or in the form of a capsule or a tablet which comprises dapagliflozin propylene glycol hydrate, one or more bulking agent, one or more binder and one or more disintegrant.

WO2011060256 describes the bilayer tablet comprising dapagliflozin having sustained release profde in one layer and metformin in another layer while WO2011060290 describes immediate release formulation of dapagliflozin and metformin.

WO2012163546 discloses the pharmaceutical composition comprising cyclodextrin and dapagliflozin.

Co-crystals of dapagliflozin with lactose are described in WO2014178040.

Solid dispersion compositions comprising amorphous dapagliflozin and at least one polymer are disclosed in W02015011113 and in WO2015128853.

CN103721261 discloses the combination of SGLT2 inhibitor with vitamins such as vitamin B.

Pharmaceutical composition preparation comprising dapagliflozin L-proline and metformin and/or DPP-IV inhibitor is disclosed in WO2018124497.

EP2252289A1 provides a combination of SGLT inhibitor with DPP4 inhibitor showing synergistic effect in increasing plasma active GLP-1 level in a patient over that provided by administration of the SGLT inhibitor or the DPP4 inhibitor alone.

EP2395983A1 relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a SGLT2 inhibitor, a DPP4 inhibitor and a third antidiabetic agent which is suitable in the treatment or prevention of one or more conditions selected from type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance and hyperglycemia.

Example A: HPLC method

The purity of Dapagliflozine in general may be determined with the following HPLC method: column: XBridge C18, 150×4.6mm, 3.5; flow-rate: 0.9ml/min; column temperature: 50°C, wavelength: UV 225 nm; mobile phase: eluent A: 0.1% H3PO4, Eluent B: methanol; gradient:

Sample preparation: Accurately weigh about 40mg of sample and dissolve in 50 ml of solvent. Calculation: Use area per cent method. Do not integrate solvent peaks.

Example 1: Preparation of 5-bromo-2-chlorobenzoyl chloride

5-bromo-2-chlorobenzoic acid (450 g) was suspended in dichloromethane (2.25 L) and dimethylformamide (0.74 ml). At 15 – 30°C oxalyl chloride (180.3 ml) was slowly added. During addition gas evolution of HC1 and CO2 occurred. The reaction was performed at 20-30°C. The reaction was considered to be complete if 2-chloro-5-bromobenzoic acid was below 1% (area percent purity). The mixture was concentrated at elevated temperature until oily residue was obtained.

Example 2: Preparation of (5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)(4-ethoxyphenyl)methanone

Dichloromethane (900 ml) was charged into reactor and then aluminum chloride (267.6 g) was added. The reaction mixture was cooled below 5°C and ethoxybenzene (256.1 ml) was slowly added. After complete addition, the mixture was gradually cooled below -5°C. In a separate reactor, 5-bromo-2-chlorobenzoyl chloride (485g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (900 ml). This solution was slowly added to the mixture of aluminum chloride and ethoxybenzene with such rate that temperature was kept below -5°C. After complete addition the mixture was stirred below -5°C until reaction was finished. The reaction was considered to be complete if methyl ester was below 1 % (the reaction mixture is sampled in methanol). After reaction was completed the reaction mixture was slowly added into cooled 1M HC1 solution and flushed with of dichloromethane (450 ml). The organic phase was separated and water phase was washed again with dichloromethane. Organic phases were combined and washed with water and NaHC0₃ solution. So obtained organic phase was concentrated to oily residue and dissolved in methanol ethyl acetate mixture in 10 to 1 ratio at reflux temperature. The clear solution was gradually cooled down to 35-45 °C and seeded with pure 5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl(4-ethoxyphenyl)methanone. The reaction mass was gradually cooled down to 0-10°C and stirred at that temperature up to 4 hours. The precipitate was isolated and washed with precooled methanol. The product was dried to a final LOD (Loss on drying) content of less than 1.0% with a yield of 564g (87% mass yield).

Example 3: Preparation of 4-bromo-l-chloro-2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)benzene

5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl(4-ethoxyphenyl)methanone (400g) was dissolved in 1.62L tetrahydrofuran. Into solution NaBTL (53.5g ) was added. After addition, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30-60 min followed by cooling of reaction mixture below -5°C. Aluminum chloride (314g) was added in portion and reaction mixture maintained below 5°C. After addition, the reaction mixture was gradually heated to reflux temperature and stirred until reaction was complete. Reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and mixture of THF/water was slowly added into reaction mixture followed by addition of water and stirred at ambient temperature. Organic phase was collected and washed with saturated NaCl solution. Organic phase was concentrated to oily residue and dissolved in ethanol (800ml) at elevated temperature. Solution was cooled to 25-30°C and seeded with pure 4-bromo-l-chloro-2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)benzene. The reaction mass was gradually cooled to -2 to 10°C and stirred at that temperature. The product was isolated and washed with precooled ethanol and dried until final LOD (Loss on drying) content was less than 1.0%. Yield was 322 g (89%).

Example 4: Preparation of 3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6- (hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol

4-bromo-l-chloro-2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)benzene (97.5g ) and toluene (1.46L) was charge into reactor. Solution was heated to reflux temperature and approximately half of the solvent was distilled out. Tetrahydrofuran (195 mL) was charged into the solution and mixture was cooled below -70°C. Solution of 15% «-Buli in hexane (227.5 ml) was slowly added and temperature was kept below -70°C. After complete addition solution was stirred at temperature below -70°C to complete reaction. Solution of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-trimethylsilyl-D-gluconolactone (182 g) in toluene (243 mL) was added into reaction mixture at temperature below -70°C. After complete addition, the mixture was stirred below -70°C, warmed to approximately -65°C and then mixture of 57.6 g methanesulfonic acid in 488 ml methanol was added. After addition, the mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred until reaction was complete. After reaction was finished reaction mixture was slowly added into saturated NaHCCL solution (630ml) and stirred. Into quenched mixture 975 ml of heptane and 585 ml methanol was added. The mixture was stirred for additional 15 min. Organic phase was washed with water/methanol mixture several times. Water phases were combined and distilled to remove organic solvents. Into the residual water phase, toluene was added to perform extraction. Organic phases were combined and washed with water. Organic phase was distillated at elevated temperature until oily residue was obtained.

Example 5: Preparation of (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol – Dapagliflozin

Dichloromethane (656 mL) was charged into oily residue from step 4 and stirred at ambient temperature until clear solution was obtained. Triethysilane (122 mL) was added into the so obtained solution. Reaction mixture was cooled below -30°C and 94.2 mL of boron trifluoride etherate was slowly added at temperatures below -30°C. After complete addition, the mixture was stirred below -30°C for one hour and gradually warmed to -5 to 0°C until reaction was completed. After reaction was finished saturated NaHCCL solution (468 mL) was slowly added. Reaction mixture was distilled to remove organic solvents followed by addition ethyl acetate into the residue. Organic phase was collected and washed again with saturated NaHC0₃ and water. So obtained organic phase was distillated at elevated temperature until oily residue is obtained.

Example 6: Preparation of (2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate.

Oily residual from example 5 was dissolved in dichloromethane (602 mL) at ambient temperature followed by addition of DMAP (6.22g). Reaction mixture was cooled to 0 – 10°C and 144.3 mL of acetic anhydride was added at temperatures below 10°C. Reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature and stirred until reaction was completed. Reaction mass was washed with water with saturated NaHC0₃. Organic phase was collected and concentrated to oily residue to which ethanol (1.68L) was charged and approximately 300 ml ethanol was removed by distillation. The clear solution was gradually cooled to 60-65 °C and seeded. The reaction mass was gradually cooled to 20-25 °C and product was isolated. The product was dried at 50°C in vacuum until LOD (Loss on drying) below 1.0% 123g of product was obtained with yield 71%. HPLC purity: 99.97 %.

Formula 9 Formula 2

(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate (740 g) as prepared according to process described in examples 1 to 6 was charged into solution of methanol (2.27L), water (0.74L) and NaOH (23 lg) at 35-45°C and stirred at 35-45°C until reaction was completed. After reaction was finished 1M HC1 (1.63L) was slowly added. Reaction mass was distilled to remove organic solvents and product was extracted by tert-butyl methyl ether. Combined organic phases were washed with water and concentrated at elevated temperature until oily residue was obtained. Content of impurity IMP A was below 0.02%.

Example 7a: Preparation of amorphous dapagliflozin.

Oily residue as prepared according to example 7 comprising approximately 262 g of dapagliflozin was dissolved in toluene (2.5L) at temperature 60-70 °C. Solution of dapagliflozin in toluene was slowly added into heptane (5.3L) at temperature between 10 to 15°C and stirring rate with P/V at 4 W/m³. After complete addition, the suspension was cooled to 0°C and stirred with unchanged stirring rate. Suspension was isolated and washed with precooled heptane. Filtration rate was 14 · 10⁴ m/s. Isolated product was dried in vacuum dryer at temperatures between 25 °C to 50 °C. Content of impurity IMP A was below 0.02% and residual heptane and toluene were 1673 ppm and below 89 ppm.

(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate (30 g) of 4 different qualities obtained by the process known in the prior art was charged into solution of methanol (90 mL), water (30 mL) and NaOH (9.36 g) and stirred at 35-45°C until reaction was completed and sampled for HPLC analysis (Sample 1).

After reaction was finished 1M HC1 (66 mL) was slowly added. Reaction mass was distilled to remove organic solvents and product was extracted by tert-butyl methyl ether. To the combined organic phases 68ml of 1M NaOH was added and pH was set to 12.5 to 13.5. Phases were separated and organic phase is washed again with 68ml of water without pH correction. So obtained organic phase was sampled for HPLC analysis (Sample 2) and concentrated at elevated temperature until oily residue was obtained.

Oily residue comprising approximately 21 g of dapagliflozin was dissolved in toluene (210 mL) at temperature 60-70 °C. Solution of dapagliflozin in toluene was slowly added into heptane (420 mL) at temperature between 10 to 15°C and stirring rate with P/V as defined in Table 1. After complete addition, the suspension was cooled to 0°C and stirred with unchanged stirring rate. Suspension was isolated and washed with precooled heptane. Filtration rate was as defined in Table 1. Isolated product was dried in vacuum dryer at temperatures between 25 °C to 50 °C. Amorphous dapagliflozin with content of impurity IMP A as shown in Table 1 and residual heptane and toluene as shown in Table 1 was obtained for each cases.

Table 1 : Process parameters used in the preparation of four different starting materials (cases).

As it is evident from Table 2 the final amorphous dapagliflozin prepared by the extraction process according to the present invention contains less than 0.02% of impurity IMP A irrespective of the level of impurity IMP A present in the starting material.

Table 2: Content of impurity IMP A in the final amorphous dapagliflozin obtained with and without extraction.

Example 9

Oily residue, as obtained by the procedure described in example 8 case 1, containing approximately 2 g of dapagliflozin was dissolved in 1.5ml of isopropyl acetate and 6ml of tert-butyl methyl ether at temperature 50-55 °C. So prepared solution was charged into 25 mL of heptane at 0°C. After complete addition the suspension was stirred at -10 to 0°C. Suspension was isolated and washed with precooled heptane at temperatures between 25°C to 50 °C. 1.5 g of dapagliflozin was obtained with content of impurity IMP A was below 0.02%.

Example 10

Oily residue, as obtained by the procedure described in example 8 case 1, containing approximately 2 g of dapagliflozin was dissolved in 1.5ml of isopropyl acetate and 6ml of tert-butyl methyl ether at temperature 50-55 °C. So prepared solution was charged into 40 mL of heptane at 0°C. After complete addition the suspension was stirred at -10 to 0°C. Suspension was isolated and washed with precooled heptane at temperatures between 25°C to 50 °C. 1.5 g of dapagliflozin was obtained with content of impurity IMP A was below 0.02%.

Example 11

Dapagliflozin (30g) was dissolved in toluene (285mL) at temperature 60-70 °C. Solution of dapagliflozin in toluene was slowly added into heptane (600mL) at 5°C and stirring rate with P/V at 16 W/m³. After complete addition, the suspension was cooled to -10°C and stirred with unchanged stirring rate. Suspension was isolated and washed with precooled heptane. Isolated product was dried in vacuum dryer at temperatures between 25 °C to 50 °C. Content of residual heptane and toluene were 1480 ppm and 732 ppm.

Example 12

Dapagliflozin (30g) was dissolved in toluene (285mL) at temperature 60-70 °C. Solution of dapagliflozin in toluene was slowly added into heptane (600mL) at 20°C and stirring rate with P/V at 16 W/m³. After complete addition, the suspension was cooled to 5°C and stirred with unchanged stirring rate. Suspension was isolated and washed with precooled hcptanc Isolated product was dried in vacuum dryer at temperatures between 25 °C to 50 °C. Content of residual heptane and toluene were 2873 ppm and 639 ppm.

Comparative Example 1

Dapagliflozin (30g) was dissolved in toluene (285mL) at temperature 60-70 °C. Solution of dapagliflozin in toluene was slowly added into heptane (600mL) at -5°C and stirring rate with P/V at 16 W/m³. After complete addition, the suspension was cooled to -15°C and stirred with unchanged stirring rate. Suspension was isolated and washed with precooled heptane. Isolated product was dried in vacuum dryer at temperatures between 25 °C to 50 °C. Content of residual heptane and toluene were 1940 ppm and 1557 ppm.

Comparative Example 2

Dapagliflozin (30g) was dissolved in toluene (285mL) at temperature 60-70 °C. Solution of dapagliflozin in toluene was slowly added into heptane (600mL) at 25°C and stirring rate with P V at 16 W/m³. After complete addition, the suspension was cooled to 20°C and stirred with unchanged stirring rate. Suspension was isolated and washed with precooled heptane. Isolated product was dried in vacuum dryer at temperatures between 25 °C to 50 °C. Content of residual heptane and toluene were 3663 ppm and 2047 ppm.

Comparative Example 3

Dapagliflozin (30g) was dissolved in toluene (285mL) at temperature 60-70 °C. Solution of dapagliflozin in toluene was slowly added into heptane (600mL) at 30°C and stirring rate with P/V at 16 W/m³. After complete addition, the suspension was cooled to 15°C and stirred with unchanged stirring rate. Suspension was isolated and washed with precooled heptane. Isolated product was dried in vacuum dryer at temperatures between 25 °C to 50 °C. Content of residual heptane and toluene were 2425 ppm and 1812 ppm.

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PATENT

Route 1

Reference：1. WO03099836A1 / US6515117B2.

2. WO2010048358.

3. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 1145–1149.

4. WO2004063209A2 / US7375213B2.

5. WO2008002824A1 / US7919598B2.

Route 2

Reference：1. WO2010022313 / US8283454B2.

Route 3

Reference：1. WO2013068850.

Route 4

Reference：1. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 1480-1483.

PAPER

https://www.future-science.com/doi/10.4155/fmc-2020-0154

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017206808A1/en

Daggliflozin (English name: Dapagliflozin) is a new Sodium glucose co-transporters 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca. Approved by the European Commission on November 14, 2012, and marketed in the United States on January 8, 2014, to improve glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes by combining diet and exercise; the trade name is Farxiga, currently offering 5 mg and 10 mg tablets. At the same time, a combination of dapagliflozin and metformin hydrochloride has also been marketed.

The chemical name of dapagliflozin is (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-4-chlorophenyl)-6-hydroxymethyltetrahydro-2H – pyran-3,4,5-triol, the chemical formula is C ₂₁ H ₂₅ ClO ₆ , CAS No. 461432-26-8, the structural formula is shown as 2, clinically used as a pharmaceutical for dapagliflozin (S) -1,2-propanediol monohydrate, the structural formula is as shown in 1.

The synthesis of β-type C-aryl glycosidic bonds is a key point in the synthetic route during the preparation of dapagliflozin. At present, there are four synthetic methods for the synthesis of dapagliflozin reported in the literature and patents.

Route 1: The synthetic route of dapagliflozin reported in patent WO03099836A1 is as follows:

The route uses 2-chloro-5-bromobenzoic acid (12) as raw material to react with phenethyl ether to form intermediate 11 and then triethylsilane to obtain intermediate 10; intermediate 10 and n-butyl The lithium is reacted at -78 ° C, and then subjected to a nucleophilic addition reaction with the intermediate 9, and then methoxylated to obtain the intermediate 8; the intermediate 8 is subjected to acylation reduction and deprotection to obtain the intermediate 2. The disadvantage of this method is that the β-type C-aryl glycosidic bond synthesis of the compound is carried out at a low temperature of -78 ° C, which is obviously difficult to meet the needs of industrial production; and, through nucleophilic addition, methoxylation, The five-step reaction of acetylation, reduction and hydrolysis can synthesize the β-type C-aryl glycosidic bond. The procedure is relatively long, and the purity of the intermediate 2 is only 94%.

Route 2: The synthetic route of dapagliflozin reported in the literature OrgLett.2012, 14, 1480 is as follows:

The intermediate 14 of the route is reacted with di-n-butyl-n-hexylmagnesium for 48 hours at 0 ° C, and then reacted with zinc bromide to prepare an organozinc reagent by Br/Mg/Zn exchange reaction, and then with intermediate 4 Intermediate 3 was prepared by nucleophilic substitution reaction; finally, intermediate 2 was obtained by deprotection with sodium methoxide. The synthesis method is relatively novel, and the synthesis step is short. However, the research experiment is conducted only as a synthesis method, and the post treatment of the intermediate 3 is performed by column chromatography. The purity of the intermediate 2 produced was not reported. Moreover, the di-n-butyl-n-hexylmagnesium reagent used in the route is not a commonly used reagent, and is not commercially available in China. It can only be prepared by reacting dibutylmagnesium with n-hexyllithium reagent before the test, and the operation is cumbersome and difficult to mass. use.

Route 3: The synthetic route of dapagliflozin reported in patent WO2013068850A2 is as follows:

The route uses 1,6-anhydroglucose (20) as a raw material, protects the 2,4-hydroxyl group by tert-butyldiphenylchlorosilane, and then protects the 3-position hydroxyl group with phenylmagnesium bromide. Intermediate 18. The intermediate 14 is subjected to an Br/Mg/Al exchange reaction to prepare an organoaluminum reagent 16, which is reacted with an intermediate 18 to form an intermediate 15, and finally, deprotected to obtain an intermediate 2. The synthesis method is very novel and is also used as a synthetic methodological study. The purification of the intermediates is carried out by column chromatography. The 1,6-anhydroglucose (20) used in the route is very expensive; and the multi-step reaction in the route uses a format reagent, a preparation format reagent or an organoaluminum reagent, which is cumbersome and cumbersome to perform, and is difficult to scale synthesis. The purity of the intermediate 2 produced was not reported.

Route 4: The synthetic route of dapagliflozin reported in patent WO2013152476A1 is as follows:

The route uses 2-chloro-5-iodobenzoic acid (24) as raw material to form intermediate 22 by Friedel acylation and reduction reaction, and exchange with I-Mg at -5 ° C with isopropyl magnesium chloride lithium chloride. The intermediate 8 is obtained by nucleophilic addition and methoxylation with the intermediate 9, and then the intermediate 2 is obtained by reduction with triethylsilane, and the intermediate 2 is further purified by co-crystallizing with L-valine. Finally, The pure intermediate 2 was obtained by removing L-valine. This route is a modified route of Route 1, which replaces n-butyllithium with isopropylmagnesium chloride chloride to raise the reaction temperature of the reaction from -78 °C to -5 °C. However, the problem of a long step of synthesizing a β-type C-aryl glycosidic bond still exists. The obtained intermediate 2 is not optically pure, and needs to be purified by co-crystallizing with L-valine, and the work amount of post-treatment is increased, and finally the purity of the intermediate 2 is 99.3%.

Among the four synthetic routes described above for dapagliflozin, route one and route four are commonly used synthetic methods for β-type C-aryl glycosidic bonds, and the route is long, and the optical purity of the obtained product is not high, and further purification is required. Post processing is cumbersome. Moreover, the reaction required at -78 °C in Route 1 requires high equipment and high energy consumption, which undoubtedly increases the cost. Although both Route 2 and Route 3 are new methods, most of the purification of intermediates used is column chromatography. Such a process is not suitable for scale production in factories; and some of the synthetic routes are used. Reagents are not commercially available or expensive, and there is no advantage in such route costs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find a new method for the synthesis of dapagliflozin, and to enable industrial production, and the route has a cost advantage.

Repeating the procedure reported in the literature in Equation 2, the yield of Intermediate 3 was only 46%. The organic zinc reagent is prepared by Br/Mg/Zn exchange reaction, and the exchange reaction yield is 78%; and the raw material is prepared by X/Li/Zn exchange reaction to prepare an organic zinc reagent, and the exchange reaction yield is 98.5%, which is also the two Different reaction pathways lead to the essential reason for the different yields of intermediate 3. Moreover, the price of commercially available 1.0 mol/L di-n-butyl magnesium n-heptane solution 500 mL is 1380 yuan, and the price of 1.6 mol/L n-hexyl lithium n-hexane solution 500 mL is 950 yuan, and 2.5 mol/L n-butyl lithium. The price of 500 mL of n-hexane solution is only 145 yuan. Therefore, the method for preparing dapagliflozin by preparing an organozinc reagent by X/Li/Zn and then synthesizing the β-type C-aryl glycosidic bond designed by the invention has the advantages of cost, ease of operation and industrialization. Very obvious advantage.

In order to solve this problem, the original compound company uses a eutectic method in the production of dapagliflozin to make dapagliflozin together with a solvent or an amino acid compound, since the compound 2 sugar ring structure contains four hydroxyl groups and is easy to absorb moisture and deteriorate. The crystal is made into a relatively stable solid, easy to store, stable and controllable in quality, and easy to prepare. Among them, the marketed dapagliflozin forms a stable eutectic with (S)-1,2-propanediol and water (1). The original crystal form patent (CN101479287B, CN103145773B) reported that all 11 crystal forms are dapagliflozin solvate or dapagliflozin. Crystal. Among them, there are two preparation methods for the da forme (S)-1,2-propanediol monohydrate (1) having a crystal structure of type Ia:

Method 1: The preparation method is as follows:

Compound 7 is deprotected with sodium hydroxide to obtain compound 2, then compound 2 is extracted with isopropyl acetate, (S)-1,2-propanediol ((S)-PG) is added, and seed crystal of compound 1 is added. Then, cyclohexane was added to crystallize and separated to obtain a eutectic of the compound (1) of the type Ia.

Method 2: The preparation method is as follows:

Compound 8 is subjected to reduction of methoxy group by triethylsilane and boron trifluoride diethyl ether complex, and then the reaction solution is extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and (S)-1,2-propanediol ( (S)-PG), a seed crystal of the compound 1 is added, and then cyclohexane is added to crystallize, and the mixture is separated and dried to obtain a eutectic of the compound (1) of the type Ia.

The above two methods for preparing the eutectic are all used in the cyclohexane solvent, which is listed in the appendix of the 2015 edition of the Pharmacopoeia (four parts) as the second type of solvent that should be restricted, with a residual limit of 0.388%. The solvent residue of the final product obtained must reach the specified limit, and the post-treatment process is complicated, time-consuming and labor-intensive, and the production cost is correspondingly increased. The invention finds a suitable solvent on the basis of the synthetic route to prepare a medicinal crystal form, and has obvious advantages in both the method and the process operation steps.

The synthetic route is as follows:

Comparative Example 1, (1S)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenylmethyl)-4- Preparation of chlorophenyl]glucosamine (Compound 3)

Under nitrogen protection, 1.0 mol/L di-n-butylmagnesium-n-heptane solution (16 mL) was cooled to 0 ° C, and 1.6 mol/L n-hexane lithium n-hexane solution (10 mL) was slowly added dropwise. After the addition was completed, 0 ° C After stirring for 15 h, dry n-butyl ether (2.5 mL) was added to prepare a solution of di-n-butyl-n-hexylmagnesium lithium solution, which was calibrated with iodine and stored for use.

Zinc bromide (2.7 g) and lithium bromide (1.04 g) were added with n-butyl ether (20 mL), heated to 50 ° C for 4 h, and cooled for use. 4-(2-Chloro-5-bromo-benzyl) phenyl ether (6.513 g) was added with toluene (8 mL) and n-butyl ether (5 mL) under nitrogen, cooled to 0 ° C, and 0.61 mol/L was added dropwise. n-Butyl-n-hexylmagnesium lithium solution (13.1 mL), after the addition is completed, the reaction was kept at 0 ° C for 48 h, and the above-mentioned alternate zinc bromide and lithium bromide n-butyl ether solution were added, and the reaction was kept at 0 ° C for 1 h, and added 2 , 3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-α-D-bromoglucopyranose (14.49 g) in toluene (25 mL), heated to 100 ° C to stir the reaction, after TLC detection reaction, add 1 mol / L diluted hydrochloric acid (60 mL), taken after stirring extraction, the organic phase was washed with water (40 mL), then washed with saturated brine (40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na ₂ SO _4, concentrated under reduced pressure, column chromatography (petroleum ether / Ethyl acetate = 20:1) 10.38 g of Compound 3 as a pale yellow oil. Yield: 46%. Purity: 99.02%. The organozinc reagent prepared by the method has an iodine calibration yield of 78%.

The calibration method of the concentration of the prepared organic zinc reagent: accurately weighed iodine (1 mmol), placed in a three-necked flask, replaced nitrogen, and added anhydrous 0.5 mol/L LiCl tetrahydrofuran solution (5 mL), stirred and dissolved, and cooled to 0 ° C. The prepared organozinc reagent was slowly added dropwise until the color of the brownish yellow solution disappeared.

Example 2 (1S)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenylmethyl)-4-chloro Preparation of phenyl]glucitol (compound 3)

Zinc bromide (2.25 g) and lithium bromide (0.87 g) were added with n-butyl ether (30 mL), heated to 50 ° C for 2 h, and cooled for use. 4-(2-Chloro-5-iodo-benzyl) phenyl ether (7.45 g) was added with toluene (10 mL) and n-butyl ether (10 mL) under nitrogen, cooled to -20 ° C, and slowly added dropwise 1.6 mol / L-n-hexyl lithium n-hexane solution (14mL), control the internal temperature does not exceed -10 ° C, after the completion of the addition, the temperature is incubated at -20 ° C for 0.5 h, adding the above-mentioned spare zinc bromide and lithium bromide n-butyl ether solution, The reaction was stirred at 20 ° C for 3 h. Add 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-α-D-bromoglucopyranose (11.59g) toluene (50mL) solution, heat to 120 ° C and stir the reaction for 4h, after TLC detection reaction, was added 1mol / L diluted hydrochloric acid (40 mL), water (20 mL), and extracted, the organic phase was washed with water (40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na ₂ SO _4, concentrated with n-heptane (15mL) and methanol (60 mL) and recrystallized 10.8 g of Compound 3 as a white solid was obtained in a yield: 72.42%. Purity: 99.47%. Melting point: 99.5 to 101.6 °C. (The organic zinc reagent prepared by this method was iodine-calibrated in a yield of 98.5%.) ESI-MS (m/z): 767.30 [M+Na] ⁺ . ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.33 (1H, d), 7.14-7.17 (2H, m), 7.05 (2H, d), 6.79-6.81 (2H, dd), 5.39 (1H, t ), 5.21-5.31 (2H, m), 4.33 (1H, d), 4.17-4.20 (1H, dd), 3.94-4.11 (5H, m), 3.79-3.83 (1H, m), 1.39 (3H, t ), 1.20 (9H, s), 1.16 (9H, s), 1.11 (9H, s), 0.86 (9H, s).

Example 3, (1S)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenylmethyl)-4-chloro Preparation of phenyl]glucitol (compound 3) Prepare

Zinc bromide (3.38 g) and lithium bromide (1.3 g) were added with n-butyl ether (40 mL), heated to 50 ° C for 2 h, and cooled for use. 4-(2-Chloro-5-iodo-benzyl) phenyl ether (7.45 g) was added with toluene (20 mL) and n-butyl ether (5 mL) under nitrogen, cooled to -50 ° C, and slowly added dropwise 2.5 mol / L-butyllithium hexane solution (8mL), control the internal temperature does not exceed -30 ° C, after the addition is completed, the reaction is kept at -50 ° C for 10 h, adding the above-mentioned alternate zinc bromide and lithium bromide n-butyl ether solution, The reaction was stirred at -20 ° C for 10 h. Add 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-α-D-bromoglucopyranose (34.77g) toluene (80mL) solution, heat to 100 ° C and stir the reaction for 24h, after TLC detection reaction, was added 1mol / L diluted hydrochloric acid (60 mL), water (50 mL), and extracted, the organic phase was washed with water (40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na ₂ SO _4, concentrated with n-heptane (15mL) and methanol (60 mL) and recrystallized 10.854 g of Compound 3 as a white solid. Yield: 72.81%. Purity: 99.53%.

Example 4, (1S)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenylmethyl)-4-chloro Preparation of phenyl]glucitol (compound 3)

N-butyl ether (50 mL) was added to zinc iodide (3.19 g) and lithium iodide (1.34 g), and the mixture was heated to 50 ° C for 1.5 h, and cooled for use. 4-(2-Chloro-5-iodo-benzyl) phenyl ether (7.45 g) was added with toluene (15 mL) and n-butyl ether (5 mL) under nitrogen, cooled to -60 ° C, and slowly added dropwise 1.6 mol / L-n-hexyl lithium n-hexane solution (13.8mL), control the internal temperature does not exceed -20 ° C, after the addition is completed, the reaction is kept at -60 ° C for 5 h, and the above-mentioned alternate zinc iodide and lithium iodide n-butyl ether solution is added. The reaction was stirred at 25 ° C for 1 h. Add 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-α-D-bromoglucopyranose (23.2g) toluene (50mL) solution, heat to 140 ° C reflux reaction for 0.5h, after TLC detection reaction was added 1mol / L diluted hydrochloric acid (50 mL), water (50 mL), and extracted, the organic phase was washed with water (40 mL), dried over anhydrous SO ₄ Na _2, concentrated by weight of n-heptane (15mL) and methanol (60 mL) Crystallization gave 10.51 g of Compound 3 as a white solid, yield 70.5%. Purity: 99.41%.

Example 5, (1S)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenylmethyl)-4-chloro Preparation of phenyl]glucitol (compound 3)

To the zinc bromide (2.25 g) and lithium bromide (0.87 g), cyclopentyl methyl ether (30 mL) was added, and the mixture was heated to 50 ° C for 3 hours, and cooled for use. 4-(2-Chloro-5-iodo-benzyl) phenyl ether (7.45 g) was added with toluene (10 mL) and cyclopentyl methyl ether (10 mL) under nitrogen, cooled to -5 ° C, and slowly added dropwise. Mol / L n-hexyl lithium n-hexane solution (12.5mL), control the internal temperature does not exceed 0 ° C, after the addition is completed, the reaction is kept at -5 ° C for 3 h, adding the above-mentioned spare zinc bromide and lithium bromide cyclopentyl methyl ether The solution was incubated at -5 ° C for 4 h, and a solution of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-α-D-bromoglucopyranose (17.39 g) in toluene (40 mL) was added and heated to 80 ℃ reaction was stirred 6h, after completion of the reaction by TLC, was added 1mol / L diluted hydrochloric acid (50 mL), water (50 mL), and extracted, the organic phase was washed with water (40 mL), dried over anhydrous ₂ SO ₄ Na, and concentrated under reduced pressure, Recrystallization of n-heptane (15 mL) and methanol (60 mL) gave 8.15 g of Compound 3 as a white solid. Purity: 99.39%.

Example 6, (1S)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenylmethyl)-4-chloro Preparation of phenyl]glucitol (compound 3)

Zinc bromide (4.5 g) and lithium bromide (1.74 g) were added with n-butyl ether (60 mL), heated to 50 ° C for 3 h, and cooled for use. 4-(2-Chloro-5-bromo-benzyl) phenyl ether (6.513 g) was added with toluene (15 mL) and n-butyl ether (5 mL) under nitrogen, cooled to -30 ° C, and slowly added dropwise 2.5 mol / L-butyllithium n-hexane solution (8.4mL), control the internal temperature does not exceed -20 ° C, after the addition is completed, the reaction is kept at -30 ° C for 3 h, and the above-mentioned alternate zinc bromide and lithium bromide n-butyl ether solution is added. The reaction was incubated at -5 ° C for 4 h, and a solution of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-α-D-bromoglucopyranose (14.49 g) in toluene (50 mL) was added and heated to 120 ° C for stirring. the reaction 4h, after completion of the reaction by TLC, was added 1mol / L diluted hydrochloric acid (50 mL), water (40 mL), and extracted, the organic phase was washed with water (40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na ₂ SO _4, and concentrated under reduced pressure, n-heptyl Recrystallization of the alkane (15 mL) and methanol (60 mL) gave 10.38 g of Compound 3 as a white solid. Purity: 99.54%.

Example 7, (1S)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenylmethyl)-4-chloro Preparation of phenyl]glucitol (compound 3)

Methyl bromide (40 mL) was added to zinc bromide (2.25 g) and lithium bromide (0.87 g), and the mixture was heated to 50 ° C for 3 h, and cooled for use. 4-(2-Chloro-5-iodo-benzyl) phenyl ether (7.45 g) was added with toluene (15 mL), methyl tert-butyl ether (15 mL), cooled to -40 ° C, and slowly added dropwise. 1.6mol/L n-hexyl lithium n-hexane solution (13.8mL), control the internal temperature does not exceed -30 ° C, after the addition is completed, the reaction is kept at -40 ° C for 4 h, and the above-mentioned alternate zinc bromide and lithium bromide are added. The butyl ether solution was incubated at 5 ° C for 7 h, and a solution of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-α-D-bromoglucopyranose (17.39 g) in toluene (50 mL) was added and heated. to 90 deg.] C the reaction was stirred 8h, after completion of the reaction by TLC, was added 1mol / L diluted hydrochloric acid (40 mL), water (40 mL), and extracted, the organic phase was washed with water (40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na ₂ SO _4, and concentrated under reduced pressure Recrystallization from n-heptane (15 mL) and methanol (60 mL) gave 9.41 g of Compound 3 as a white solid. Purity: 99.42%. Example 8. Preparation of dapagliflozin (S)-1,2-propanediol monohydrate eutectic (Compound 1)

To the compound 3 (37.27 g), methanol (190 mL) was added, and sodium methoxide (10.8 g) was added thereto, and the mixture was heated under reflux for 3 hours. After the TLC reaction was completed, methanol was concentrated, and isopropyl acetate (100 mL) was added to the residue, and water was added. (60 mL), extracted with stirring and the organic phase washed with water (50 mL). (S)-1,2-propanediol (3.8g) and water (0.9g) were added to the organic phase, stirred until it was dissolved, and n-heptane (200 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours under ice-cooling, suction filtration, filter cake Washing with n-heptane and drying at 30 ° C gave 23.89 g of Compound 1 as a white solid. Yield: 95%. Purity: 99.79%. Melting point: 69.1 to 75.6 °C. The product obtained was subjected to KF = 3.74% (theoretical value: 3.58%). ESI-MS (m/z): 431.22 [M+Na] ⁺ . ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, CD ₃ OD): δ 7.33 – 7.37 (2H, m), 7.28-7.30 (1H, dd), 7.11 (2H, d), 6.80-6.83 (2H, dd), 4.1 ( 1H, d), 3.98-4.05 (4H, m), 3.88-3.91 (1H, dd), 3.74-3.82 (1H, m), 3.68-3.73 (1H, m), 3.37-3.49 (5H, m), 3.28-3.34 (1H, m), 1.37 (1H, t), 1.15 (3H, d).

The crystal form of the obtained product was subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) by a Universal V4.7A TA instrument, and the TGA curve (Fig. 1) showed a weight loss of about 18.52% from about room temperature to about 240 ° C. The original form Ia crystal form The TGA plot shows a value of 18.7%.

The crystal form of the obtained product was subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) by a Universal V4.7A TA instrument, and the DSC curve (Fig. 2) showed endotherm in the range of about 60 ° C to 85 ° C. The DSC plot shows a range of approximately 50 ° C to 78 ° C.

The crystal form of the obtained product was examined by a Bruker D8advance instrument for powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and the 2X value of the PXRD pattern (Fig. 3) (CuKα).

There are characteristic peaks at 3.749°, 7.52°, 7.995°, 8.664°, 15.134°, 15.708°, 17.069°, 18.946°, 20.049°, which are completely consistent with the characteristic peaks of the PXRD pattern of the Ia crystal form in the original patent.

In combination with the nuclear magnetic data and melting point of the prepared crystal form, the crystal form of the product (Compound 1) obtained by the present invention is consistent with the pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline form Ia reported in the original patent.

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CLIP

Chemical Synthesis

Dapagliflozin propanediol hydrate, an orally active sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) and AstraZeneca for the once-daily treatment of type 2 diabetes. As opposed to competitor SGLT-2 inhibitors, dapagliflozin was not associated with renal toxicity or long-term deterioration of renal function in phase III clinical trials. The drug exhibits excellent SGLT2 potency with more than 1200 fold selectivity over the SGLT1 enzyme.

Dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate

PAPER

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12039-020-1747-x

PATENTS

WO 2010138535

WO 2011060256

WO 2012041898

WO 2012163990

WO 2013068850

WO 2012163546

WO 2013068850

WO 2013079501

The IC₅₀ for SGLT2 is less than one thousandth of the IC₅₀ for SGLT1 (1.1 versus 1390 nmol/l), so that the drug does not interfere with the intestinal glucose absorption.^[7

dapagliflozin being an inhibitor of sodiumdependent glucose transporters found in the intestine and kidney (SGLT2) and to a method for treating diabetes, especially type II diabetes, as well as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, Syndrome X, diabetic

complications, atherosclerosis and related diseases, employing such C-aryl glucosides alone or in combination with one, two or more other type antidiabetic agent and/or one, two or more other type therapeutic agents such as hypolipidemic agents.

Approximately 100 million people worldwide suffer from type II diabetes (NIDDM – non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to excessive hepatic glucose production and peripheral insulin resistance, the root causes for which are as yet unknown. Hyperglycemia is considered to be the major risk factor for the development of diabetic complications, and is likely to contribute directly to the impairment of insulin secretion seen in advanced NIDDM. Normalization of plasma glucose in NIDDM patients would be predicted to improve insulin action, and to offset the development of diabetic complications. An inhibitor of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT2 in the kidney would be expected to aid in the normalization of plasma glucose levels, and perhaps body weight, by enhancing glucose excretion.

Dapagliflozin can be prepared using similar procedures as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,117 or international published applications no. WO 03/099836 and WO 2008/116179

WO 03/099836 A1 refers to dapagliflozin having the structure according to formula 1 .

formula 1

WO 03/099836 A1 discloses a route of synthesis on pages 8-10, whereby one major step is the purification of a compound of formula 2

formula 2

The compound of formula 2 provides a means of purification for providing a compound of formula 1 since it crystallizes. Subsequently the crystalline form of the compound of formula 2 can be deprotected and converted to dapagliflozin. Using this process, dapagliflozin is obtained as an amorphous glassy off-white solid containing 0.1 1 mol% of EtOAc. Crystallization of a pharmaceutical drug is usually advantageous as it provides means for purification also suitable for industrial scale preparation. However, for providing an active pharmaceutical drug a very high purity is required. In particular, organic impurities such as EtOAc either need to be avoided or further purification steps are needed to provide the drug in a

pharmaceutically acceptable form, i.e. substantially free of organic solvents. Thus, there is the need in the art to obtain pure and crystalline dapagliflozinwhich is substantially free of organic solvents.

WO 2008/002824 A1 discloses several alternative solid forms of dapagliflozin, such as e.g. solvates containing organic alcohols or co-crystals with amino acids such as proline and phenylalanine. For instance, the document discloses crystalline

dapagliflozin solvates which additionally contain water molecules (see e.g.

Examples 3-6), but is silent about solid forms of dapagliflozin which do not contain impurities such as organic alcohols. As described above, it is desirable to provide the pharmaceutical active drug in a substantially pure form, otherwise triggering further expensive and time-consuming purification steps. In contrast, the document relates to dapagliflozin solvates where an alcohol and water are both incorporated into the crystal lattice. Hence, there is the need in the art to obtain pure and crystalline dapagliflozin suitable for pharmaceutical production.

WO 2008/1 16179 A1 refers to an immediate release pharmaceutical composition comprising dapagliflozin and propylene glycol. Propylene glycol is a chiral

substance and (S)-propylene glycol used is very expensive. Consequently, also the immediate release pharmaceutical composition is more expensive.

Crystalline forms (in comparision to the amorphous form) often show desired different physical and/or biological characteristics which may assist in the manufacture or formulation of the active compound, to the purity levels and uniformity required for regulatory approval. As described above, it is desirable to provide the pharmaceutical active drug in a substantially pure form, otherwise triggering further expensive and time-consuming purification steps.

PATENT

WO 2008/ 1 16179 Al seems to disclose an immediate release formulation comprising dapagliflozin and propylene glycol hydrate. WO 2008/ 116195 A2 refers to the use of an SLGT2 inhibitor in the treatment of obesity

http://www.google.com/patents/US20120282336

http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/auspar/auspar-dapagliflozin-propanediol-monohydrate-130114.pdf

Example 2 Dapagliflozin (S) PGS—(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (S)-propane-1,2-diol hydrate (1:1:1)

Dapagliflozin (S) propylene glycol hydrate (1:1:1) can be prepared using similar procedures as described in published applications WO 08/002824 and WO 2008/116179, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose. SGLT2 EC₅₀=1.1 nM.

Example 3 Dapagliflozin (R) PGS—(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (R)-propane-1,2-diol hydrate (1:1:1)

Dapagliflozin (R) propylene glycol hydrate (1:1:1) can be prepared using similar procedures as described in WO 08/002824 and WO 2008/116179, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose. SGLT2 EC₅₀=1.1 nM.

WO 2008/002824 A1 discloses several alternative solid forms of dapagliflozin, such as e.g. solvates containing organic alcohols or co-crystals with amino acids such as proline and phenylalanine. For instance, the document discloses crystalline

dapagliflozin solvates which additionally contain water molecules (see e.g.

Examples 3-6), but is silent about solid forms of dapagliflozin which do not contain impurities such as organic alcohols. As described above, it is desirable to provide the pharmaceutical active drug in a substantially pure form, otherwise triggering further expensive and time-consuming purification steps. In contrast, the document relates to dapagliflozin solvates where an alcohol and water are both incorporated into the crystal lattice. Hence, there is the need in the art to obtain pure and crystalline dapagliflozin suitable for pharmaceutical production.

WO 2008/1 16179 A1 refers to an immediate release pharmaceutical composition comprising dapagliflozin and propylene glycol. Propylene glycol is a chiral

substance and (S)-propylene glycol used is very expensive. Consequently, also the immediate release pharmaceutical composition is more expensive.

Surprisingly, amorphous dapagliflozin can be purified with the process of the present invention. For instance amorphous dapagliflozin having a purity of 99,0% can be converted to crystalline dapagliflozin hydrate having a purity of 100% (see examples of the present application). Moreover, said crystalline dapagliflozin hydrate does not contain any additional solvent which is desirable. Thus, the process of purifying dapagliflozin according to the present invention is superior compared with the process of WO 03/099836 A1 .

Additionally, the dapagliflozin hydrate obtained is crystalline which is advantageous with respect to the formulation of a pharmaceutical composition. The use of expensive diols such as (S)-propanediol for obtaining an immediate release pharmaceutical composition as disclosed in WO 2008/1 16179 A1 can be avoided

PAPER

In Vitro Characterization and Pharmacokinetics of Dapagliflozin …

dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/…/DMD29165_supplemental_data_.doc

Dapagliflozin (BMS-512148), (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(3-(4-Ethoxybenzyl)-4-chlorophenyl)

-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.33

(d, J = 6.0, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 2.2, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J = 2.2, 6.0, 1H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.8, 2H),

6.78 (d, J = 8.8, 2H), 4.07-3.90 (m, 7H), 3.85 (d, J = 10.6, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J = 5.3, 10.6,

1H), 3.42-3.25 (m, 4H), 1.34 (t, J = 7.0, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CD3OD) δ 158.8,

140.0, 139.9, 134.4, 132.9, 131.9, 130.8, 130.1, 128.2, 115.5, 82.9, 82.2, 79.7, 76.4, 71.9,

64.5, 63.1, 39.2, 15.2.

HRMS calculated for C21H25ClNaO6 (M+Na)+

For C21H25ClO6: C, 61.68; H, 6.16. Found: C, 61.16; H, 6.58.

: 431.1237; found 431.1234. Anal. Calcd

SECOND SET

J. Med. Chem., 2008, 51 (5), pp 1145–1149

DOI: 10.1021/jm701272q

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.33 (d, J = 6.0, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 2.2, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J = 2.2, 6.0, 1H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.8, 2H), 6.78 (d, J = 8.8, 2H), 4.07–3.90 (m, 7H), 3.85 (d, J = 10.6, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J = 5.3, 10.6, 1H), 3.42–3.25 (m, 4H), 1.34 (t, J = 7.0, 3H);

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 158.8, 140.0, 139.9, 134.4, 132.9, 131.9, 130.8, 130.1, 128.2, 115.5, 82.9, 82.2, 79.7, 76.4, 71.9, 64.5, 63.1, 39.2, 15.2;

HRMS calcd for C₂₁H₂₅ClNaO₆ (M + Na)⁺ 431.1237, found 431.1234. Anal. Calcd for C₂₁H₂₅ClO₆: C, 61.68; H, 6.16. Found: C, 61.16; H, 6.58.

 

HPLC

• HPLC measurements were performed with an Agilent 1100 series instrument equipped with a UV-vis detector set to 240 nm according to the following method:
  Column: Ascentis Express RP-Amide 4.6 x 150 mm, 2.7 mm;
  Column temperature: 25 °C
  – Eluent A: 0.1 % formic acid in water
  – Eluent B: 0.1 % formic acid in acetonitrile
  – Injection volume: 3 mL
  – Flow: 0.7 mL/min
  – Gradient:

  Time [min]	[%] B
  0.0	25
  25.0	65
  26.0	70
  29.0	70
  29.5	25
  35.0	25

  ……………………..

  

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013068850A2?cl=en

EXAMPLE 24 – Synthesis of 2,4-di-6>-ieri-butyldiphenylsilyl-l-C-(4-chloro-3-(4- ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)- -D-glucopyranoside 2,4-di-6>-TBDPS-dapagliflozin; (IVj”))

[0229] l-(5-Bromo-2-chlorobenzyl)-4-ethoxybenzene (1.5 g, 4.6 mmol) and magnesium powder (0.54 g, 22.2 mmol) were placed in a suitable reactor, followed by THF (12 mL) and 1,2- dibromoethane (0.16 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux. After the reaction had initiated, a solution of l-(5-bromo-2-chlorobenzyl)-4-ethoxybenzene (4.5 g, 13.8 mmol) in THF (28 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to stir for another hour under reflux, and was then cooled to ambient temperature, and then titrated to determine the concentration. The above prepared 4-chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl magnesium bromide (31 mL, 10 mmol, 0.32 M in THF) and A1C1₃ (0.5 M in THF, 8.0 mL, 4.0 mmol) were mixed at ambient temperature to give a black solution, which was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. To a solution of

I, 6-anhydro-2,4-di-6>-ieri-butyldiphenylsilyl- -D-glucopyranose (0.64 g, 1.0 mmol) in PhOMe (3.0 mL) at ambient temperature was added phenylmagnesium bromide (0.38 mL, 1.0 mmol, 2.6 M solution in Et₂0). After stirring for about 5 min the solution was then added into the above prepared aluminum mixture via syringe, followed by additional PhOMe (1.0 mL) to rinse the flask. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure (50 torr) at 60 °C (external bath temperature) to remove low-boiling point ethereal solvents and then PhOMe (6mL) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 130 °C (external bath temperature) for 8 hours at which time HPLC assay analysis indicated a 51% yield of 2,4-di-6>-ieri-butyldiphenylsilyl-l-C-(4-chloro-3- (4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)- -D-glucopyranoside. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction was treated with 10% aqueous NaOH (1 mL), THF (10 mL) and diatomaceous earth at ambient temperature, then the mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with THF. The combined filtrates were concentrated and the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting with 1:30 EtOAc/77-heptane) affording the product 2,4-di-6>- ieri-butyldiphenylsilyl- 1 – -(4-chloro-3 -(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)- β-D-glucopyranoside (0.30 g, 34%) as a white powder.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC1₃) δ 7.56-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.31 (m, 13H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 6H), 7.07- 7.04 (m, 2H), 7.00 (d, J= 2.0 Hz, IH), 6.87 (dd, J= 8.4, 2.0 Hz, IH), 6.83-6.81 (m, 2H), 4.18 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, IH), 4.02 (q, J= 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (d, J= 10.8 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (ddd, J= 11.3, 7.7, 1.1 Hz, IH), 3.76 (ddd, J= 8.4, 8.4, 4.8 Hz, IH), 3.56 (ddd, J= 9.0, 6.4, 2.4 Hz, IH), 3.50 (dd, J=

I I.4, 5.4 Hz, IH), 3.44 (dd, J= 9.4, 8.6 Hz, IH), 3.38 (dd, J= 8.8, 8.8 Hz, IH), 1.70 (dd, J= 7.8, 5.4 Hz, IH, OH), 1.42 (t, J= 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (d, J= 5.2 Hz, IH, OH), 1.00 (s, 9H), 0.64 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDC1₃) δ 157.4 (C), 138.8 (C), 137.4 (C), 136.3 (CH x2), 136.1 (CH x2), 135.2 (CH x2), 135.0 (C), 134.9 (CH x2), 134.8 (C), 134.2 (C), 132.8 (C), 132.0 (C), 131.6 (CH), 131.1 (C), 129.9 (CH x2), 129.7 (CH), 129.6 (CH), 129.5 (CH), 129.4 (CH), 129.2 (CH), 127.58 (CH x2), 127.57 (CH x2), 127.54 (CH x2), 127.31 (CH), 127.28 (CH x2), 114.4 (CH x2), 82.2 (CH), 80.5 (CH), 79.3 (CH), 76.3 (CH), 72.7 (CH), 63.4 (CH₂), 62.7 (CH₂), 38.2 (CH₂), 27.2 (CH₃ x3), 26.6 (CH₃ x3), 19.6 (C), 19.2 (C), 14.9 (CH₃). EXAMPLE 25 -Synthesis of dapagliflozin ((25,3R,4R,55,6/?)-2-[4-chloro-3-(4- ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol; (Ij))

IVj’ U

[0230] A solution of the 2,4-di-6>-ieri-butyldiphenylsilyl-l-C-(4-chloro-3-(4- ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)- -D-glucopyranoside (60 mg, 0.068 mmol) in THF (3.0 mL) and TBAF (3.0 mL, 3.0 mmol, 1.0 M in THF) was stirred at ambient temperature for 15 hours. CaC0₃ (0.62 g), Dowex^{^} 50WX8-400 ion exchange resin (1.86 g) and MeOH (5mL) were added to the product mixture and the suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour and then the mixture was filtrated through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The filter cake was rinsed with MeOH and the combined filtrates was evaporated under vacuum and the resulting residue was purified by column chromatography (eluting with 1 : 10 MeOH/DCM) affording dapagliflozin (30 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.37-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.29 (dd, J= 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.82-6.80 (m, 2H), 4.10 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.91-3.87 (m, 1H), 3.73-3.67(m, 1H), 3.47-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.31-3.23 (m, 2H), 1.37 (t, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H);

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 157.4 (C), 138.6 (C), 138.5 (C), 133.1 (C), 131.5 (C), 130.5 (CH), 129.4 (CH x2), 128.7 (CH), 126.8 (CH), 114.0 (CH x2), 80.5 (CH), 80.8 (CH), 78.3 (CH), 75.0 (CH), 70.4 (CH), 63.0 (CH₂), 61.7 (CH₂), 37.8 (CH₂), 13.8 (CH₃);

LCMS (ESI) m/z 426 (100, [M+NH₄]⁺), 428 (36, [M+NH₄+2]⁺), 447 (33, [M+K]⁺).

Example 1 – Synthesis of l,6-anhydro-2,4-di-6>-ieri-butyldiphenylsilyl- -D-glucopyranose (II”)

III II”

[0206] To a suspension solution of l,6-anhydro- -D-glucopyranose (1.83 g, 11.3 mmol) and imidazole (3.07 g, 45.2 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at 0 °C was added dropwise a solution of TBDPSC1 (11.6 mL, 45.2 mmol) in THF (10 mL). After the l,6-anhydro-P-D-gJucopyranose was consumed, water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted twice with EtOAc (20 mL each), washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂S0₄) and concentrated. Column

chromatography (eluting with 1 :20 EtOAc/rc-heptane) afforded 2,4-di-6>-ieri-butyldiphenylsilyl- l,6-anhydro- “D-glucopyranose (5.89 g, 81%).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC1₃) δ 7.82-7.70 (m, 8H), 7.49-7.36 (m, 12H), 5.17 (s, IH), 4.22 (d, J= 4.8 Hz, IH), 3.88-3.85 (m, IH), 3.583-3.579 (m, IH), 3.492-3.486 (m, IH), 3.47-3.45 (m, IH), 3.30 (dd, J= 7.4, 5.4 Hz, IH), 1.71 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, IH), 1.142 (s, 9H), 1.139 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCI₃) δ 135.89 (CH x2), 135.87 (CH x2), 135.85 (CH x2), 135.83 (CH x2), 133.8 (C), 133.5 (C), 133.3 (C), 133.2 (C), 129.94 (CH), 129.92 (CH), 129.90 (CH), 129.88 (CH), 127.84 (CH₂ x2), 127.82 (CH₂ x2), 127.77 (CH₂ x4), 102.4 (CH), 76.9 (CH), 75.3 (CH), 73.9 (CH), 73.5 (CH), 65.4 (CH₂), 27.0 (CH₃ x6), 19.3 (C x2).

PATENT

WO 2016147197, DAPAGLIFLOZIN, NEW PATENT, HARMAN FINOCHEM LIMITED

LINK>>> (WO2016147197) A NOVEL PROCESS FOR PREPARING (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-CHLORO-3-(4-ETHOXYBENZYL)PHENY 1] -6-(HY DROXY METHYL)TETRAHYDRO-2H-PY RAN-3,4,5-TRIOL AND ITS AMORPHOUS FORM

PATENT

PATENT

WO2016018024, CRYSTALLINE COMPOSITE COMPRISING DAPAGLIFLOZIN AND METHOD FOR PREPARING SAME

HANMI FINE CHEMICAL CO., LTD. [KR/KR]; 59, Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do 429-848 (KR)

Dapagliflozin, sold under the brand name Farxiga among others, is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes and, with certain restrictions, type 1 diabetes.^[2] It is also used to treat adults with certain kinds of heart failure.^[3][4][5]

Common side effects include hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), urinary tract infections, genital infections, and volume depletion (reduced amount of water in the body).^[6] Diabetic ketoacidosis is a common side effect in type 1 diabetic patients.^[7] Serious but rare side effects include Fournier gangrene.^[8] Dapagliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor and works by removing sugar from the body with the urine.^[9]

It was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb in partnership with AstraZeneca. In 2018, it was the 227th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions.^[10][11]

Medical uses

Dapagliflozin is used along with diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes and to reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure among adults with type 2 diabetes and known cardiovascular disease or other risk factors.^[12][3] It appears more useful than empagliflozin.^{[13][verification needed]}

In addition, dapagliflozin is indicated for the treatment of adults with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure.^[3][4][5] It is also indicated to reduce the risk of kidney function decline, kidney failure, cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with chronic kidney disease who are at risk of disease progression.^[14]

In the European Union it is indicated in adults:

• for the treatment of insufficiently controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise:
  • as monotherapy when metformin is considered inappropriate due to intolerance;
  • in addition to other medicinal products for the treatment of type 2 diabetes;
• for the treatment of insufficiently controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to insulin in patients with BMI ≥ 27 kg/m², when insulin alone does not provide adequate glycaemic control despite optimal insulin therapy; and
• for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.^[5]

Adverse effects

Since dapagliflozin leads to heavy glycosuria (sometimes up to about 70 grams per day) it can lead to rapid weight loss and tiredness. The glucose acts as an osmotic diuretic (this effect is the cause of polyuria in diabetes) which can lead to dehydration. The increased amount of glucose in the urine can also worsen the infections already associated with diabetes, particularly urinary tract infections and thrush (candidiasis). Rarely, use of an SGLT2 drug, including dapagliflozin, is associated with necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum, also called Fournier gangrene.^[15]

Dapagliflozin is also associated with hypotensive reactions. There are concerns it may increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis.^[16]

Dapagliflozin can cause dehydration, serious urinary tract infections and genital yeast infections.^[3] Elderly people, people with kidney problems, those with low blood pressure, and people on diuretics should be assessed for their volume status and kidney function.^[3] People with signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis or ketoacidosis (acid buildup in the blood) should also be assessed.^[3] Dapagliflozin can cause serious cases of necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum (Fournier gangrene) in people with diabetes and low blood sugar when combined with insulin.^[3]

To lessen the risk of developing ketoacidosis (a serious condition in which the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones) after surgery, the FDA has approved changes to the prescribing information for SGLT2 inhibitor diabetes medicines to recommend they be stopped temporarily before scheduled surgery. Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin should each be stopped at least three days before, and ertugliflozin should be stopped at least four days before scheduled surgery.^[17]

Symptoms of ketoacidosis include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tiredness, and trouble breathing.^[17]

Use is not recommended in patients with eGFR < 45ml/min/1.73m², though data from 2021 shows the reduction in the kidney failure risks in people with chronic kidney disease using dapagliflozin.^[18]

Mechanism of action

Dapagliflozin inhibits subtype 2 of the sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLT2) which are responsible for at least 90% of the glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Blocking this transporter mechanism causes blood glucose to be eliminated through the urine.^[19] In clinical trials, dapagliflozin lowered HbA_1c by 0.6 versus placebo percentage points when added to metformin.^[20]

Regarding its protective effects in heart failure, this is attributed primarily to haemodynamic effects, where SGLT2 inhibitors potently reduce intravascular volume through osmotic diuresis and natriuresis. This consequently may lead to a reduction in preload and afterload, thereby alleviating cardiac workload and improving left ventricular function.^[21]

Selectivity

The IC₅₀ for SGLT2 is less than one thousandth of the IC₅₀ for SGLT1 (1.1 versus 1390 nmol/L), so that the drug does not interfere with intestinal glucose absorption.^[22]

Names

Dapagliflozin is the International nonproprietary name (INN),^[23] and the United States Adopted Name (USAN).^[24]

There is a fixed-dose combination product dapagliflozin/metformin extended-release, called Xigduo XR.^[25][26][27]

In July 2016, the fixed-dose combination of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin was approved for medical use in the European Union and is sold under the brand name Qtern.^[28] The combination drug was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2017, where it is sold under the brand name Qtern.^[29][30]

In May 2019, the fixed-dose combination of dapagliflozin, saxagliptin, and metformin hydrochloride as extended-release tablets was approved in the United States to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes when used in combination with diet and exercise. The FDA granted the approval of Qternmet XR to AstraZeneca.^[31] The combination drug was approved for use in the European Union in November 2019, and is sold under the brand name Qtrilmet.^[32]

History

In 2012, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) issued a positive opinion on the drug.^[5]

Dapagliflozin was found effective in several studies in participants with type 2 and type 1 diabetes.^[5] The main measure of effectiveness was the level of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), which gives an indication of how well blood glucose is controlled.^[5]

In two studies involving 840 participants with type 2 diabetes, dapagliflozin when used alone decreased HbA1c levels by 0.66 percentage points more than placebo (a dummy treatment) after 24 weeks.^[5] In four other studies involving 2,370 participants, adding dapagliflozin to other diabetes medicines decreased HbA1c levels by 0.54-0.68 percentage points more than adding placebo after 24 weeks.^[5]

In a study involving 814 participants with type 2 diabetes, dapagliflozin used in combination with metformin was at least as effective as a sulphonylurea (another type of diabetes medicines) used with metformin.^[5] Both combinations reduced HbA1c levels by 0.52 percentage points after 52 weeks.^[5]

A long-term study, involving over 17,000 participants with type 2 diabetes, looked at the effects of dapagliflozin on cardiovascular (heart and circulation) disease.^[5] The study indicated that dapagliflozin’s effects were in line with those of other diabetes medicines that also work by blocking SGLT2.^[5]

In two studies involving 1,648 participants with type 1 diabetes whose blood sugar was not controlled well enough on insulin alone, adding dapagliflozin 5 mg decreased HbA1c levels after 24 hours by 0.37% and by 0.42% more than adding placebo.^[5]

Dapagliflozin was approved for medical use in the European Union in November 2012.^[5] It is marketed in a number of European countries.^[33]

Dapagliflozin was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2014.^[34][14]

In 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expanded the indications for dapagliflozin to include treatment for adults with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure.^[3] It is the first in this particular drug class, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, to be approved to treat adults with New York Heart Association’s functional class II-IV heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.^[3]

Dapagliflozin was shown in a clinical trial to improve survival and reduce the need for hospitalization in adults with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.^[3] The safety and effectiveness of dapagliflozin were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 4,744 participants.^[3] The average age of participants was 66 years and more participants were male (77%) than female.^[3] To determine the drug’s effectiveness, investigators examined the occurrence of cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, and urgent heart failure visits.^[3] Participants were randomly assigned to receive a once-daily dose of either 10 milligrams of dapagliflozin or a placebo (inactive treatment).^[3] After about 18 months, people who received dapagliflozin had fewer cardiovascular deaths, hospitalizations for heart failure, and urgent heart failure visits than those receiving the placebo.^[3]

In July 2020, the FDA granted AstraZeneca a Fast Track Designation in the US for the development of dapagliflozin to reduce the risk of hospitalisation for heart failure or cardiovascular death in adults following a heart attack.^[35]

In August 2020, it was reported that detailed results from the Phase III DAPA-CKD trial showed that AstraZeneca’s FARXIGA® (dapagliflozin) on top of standard of care reduced the composite measure of worsening of renal function or risk of cardiovascular (CV) or renal death by 39% compared to placebo (p<0.0001) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stages 2-4 and elevated urinary albumin excretion. The results were consistent in patients both with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D)^[36]

In April 2021, the FDA expanded the indications for dapagliflozin (Farxiga) to include reducing the risk of kidney function decline, kidney failure, cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with chronic kidney disease who are at risk of disease progression.^[14] The efficacy of dapagliflozin to improve kidney outcomes and reduce cardiovascular death in people with chronic kidney disease was evaluated in a multicenter, double-blind study of 4,304 participants.^[14]

Research

One study found that it had no benefit on heart disease risk or overall risk of death in people with diabetes.^[37] Another study found that in heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, dapagliflozin reduced the risk of worsening of heart failure or progression to death from cardiovascular causes, irrespective of diabetic status.^[38]

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SYN

https://pharmacia.pensoft.net/article/70626/

Synthesis

Dapagliflozin is an approved drug by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Dapagliflozin is a representative of SGLT-2 inhibitors, actively considered to cure diabetes type 2. Thus, methodology of dapagliflozin synthesis has rarely published (Ellsworth et al. 2002; Meng 2008). Scheme 1 have shown the general synthetic route for the synthesis of dapagliflozin. Gluconolactone 3 which was protected by trimethylsilyl TMS was treated with aryl lithium. Aryl lithium was obtained by reacting aryl bromide 2 (exchange of Li/Br) with n-BuLi. Methyl C-aryl glucoside 4 was produced by treatment of resulting mixture with methane sulfonic acid in the presence of methanol. Compound 4 was subjected to acetylation in the presence of Ac₂O, resulted in the formation of 5 followed by reduction of 5 to 6 with the help of Et₃SiH and BF₃.OEt₂. Finally, dapagliflozin 1 was produced via hydrolysis of 6 by LiOH (Deshpande et al. 2008; Meng 2008).

Ellsworth B, Washburn WN, Sher PM, Wu G, Meng W (2002) C-Aryl glucoside SGLT2 inhibitors and method, Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6515117B2/en

Meng W, Ellsworth BA, Nirschl AA, McCann PJ, Patel M, Girotra RN, Wu G, Sher PM, Morrison EP, Biller SA, Zahler R, Deshpande PP, Pullockaran A, Hagan DL, Morgan N, Taylor JR, Obermeier MT, Humphreys WG, Khanna A, Discenza L, Robertson JG, Wang A, Han S, Wetterau JR, Janovitz EB, Flint OP, Whaley JM, Washburn WN (2008) “Discovery of dapagliflozin: a potent, selective renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. ” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 51(5): 1145–1149. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm701272q

Deshpande PP, Ellsworth BA, Singh J, Denzel TW, Lai C, Crispino G, Randazzo ME, Gougoutas JZ (2008) Methods of producing C-aryl glucoside SGLT2 inhibitors, Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/US7375213B2/en

 

Jun et al. has reported a few improvements to the scheme 1. In the improved methodology scheme 2, trimethylsilyl chloride was added to gluconolactone 7 in the presence of N-methylmorpholine and tetrahydrofuran THF (Horton et al. 1981), followed by the formation of persilyated lactone 3. After completing the reaction of aryl bromide 2 with n-BuLi, added to persilyated lactone 3. Intermediate lactol 8 was produced by treating resulting reaction mixture with trifluoroacetic acid in aqueous form. Then ethyl C-aryl glycoside 9 yielded when subsequently compound 8 was subjected to methane-sulfonic acid in ethyl alcohol. Crude product 9 in the form of oil was secured after the screening of solvents. Jun et al. proposed that more than 98% pure 9 was collected as crystalline solvate after the crystallization of crude oil from n-propanol and n-heptane mixture (Yu et al. 2019). Moreover, Wang et al. proposed that a high extent of diastereoselectivity obtained after the reduction of tetra-O-unprotected methyl C-aryl glucoside by utilizing Et₃SiH and BF₃.Et₂O (Wang et al. 2014). The nature of active pharmaceutical ingredient is amorphous foam which is isolated after the reduction of 9. Production of cocrystalline complex facilitate the isolation and purification of API (Deng et al. 2017). It is concluded that more than 99.7% pure dapagliflozin produced in overall 79% yield, after the crystallization of a mixture consists of n-heptane and ethyl acetate (Yu et al. 2019).

Zheng et al. designed the production methodology of dapagliflozin by introducing NO donor group at the last steps of general route of dapagliflozin synthesis (scheme 1). Novel hybrids achieved by the combination of dapagliflozin and NO donor, having excellent dual characteristics of anti-hyperglycemic and anti-thrombosis. The figure 2 represent the modifiable site (4-position) of dapagliflozin.

Horton D, Priebe W (1981) “Synthetic routes to higher-carbon sugars. Reaction of lactones with 2-lithio-, 3-dithiane. ” Carbohydrate Research 94(1): 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(00)85593-7

Yu J, Cao Y, Yu H, Wang JJ (2019) “A Concise and Efficient Synthesis of Dapagliflozin. ” Organic Process Research & Development 23(7): 1458–1461. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00141

Wang X-j, Zhang L, Byrne D, Nummy L, Weber D, Krishnamurthy D, Yee N, Senanayake CH (2014) “Efficient synthesis of empagliflozin, an inhibitor of SGLT-2, utilizing an AlCl3-promoted silane reduction of a β-glycopyranoside. ” Organic Letters 16(16): 4090–4093. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol501755h

Deng J-H, Lu T-B, Sun CC, J-M Chen (2017) “Dapagliflozin-citric acid cocrystal showing better solid state properties than dapagliflozin. ” European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 104: 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2017.04.008

 

Scheme 3 has shown the formation strategy of new hybrids of nitric oxide with dapagliflozin. During the synthesis process, the compound 6 was treated with BBr₃ that result in the formation of phenol 10, which was further subjected to condensation with bromoalkane and then undergo hydrolysis and produce 11 intermediates. Target compound was obtained by the reacting 11 with silver nitrate in acetonitrile (Li et al. 2018).

Li Z, Xu X, Deng L, Liao R, Liang R, Zhang B, Zhang LJB (2018) Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of nitric oxide releasing derivatives of dapagliflozin as potential anti-diabetic and anti-thrombotic agents. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 26(14): 3947–3952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2018.06.017

 

 

Lin et al. fabricated green route (scheme 4) for the production of dapagliflozin. 5-bromo-2-chlorobenzoic acid 12 and gluconolactone were utilized to initiate the synthesis. By taking BF₃.Et₂O in catalytic amount to produce 13, overall yield of 76% was obtained in one-pot way via considering the Friedel-Craft acylation and ketallization. There was no need to do work-up operations to separate the diaryl ketal 13 as it was easily crystallized from the mixture. Compound 14 was produce as a result of condensation between 13 and 3. Overall yield of 68% of compound 15 was produced by the deprotection of silyl group in ethyl alcohol media. In THF presence, single crystals of 15 was achieved and characterized by XRD-analysis. High yield of dapagliflozin was obtained after the reduction of 15 that was carried out by triethylsilane in the presence of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate in dichloromethane. Upon crystallization from the mixture having heptane and ethyl acetate, greater than 98% pure dapagliflozin was produced by green synthetic pathway (Hu et al. 2019).

Hu L, Zou P, Wei W, Yuan X-M, Qiu X-L, Gou S-H (2019) “Facile and green synthesis of dapagliflozin. ” Synthetic Communications 49(23): 3373–3379. https://doi.org/10.1080/00397911.2019.1666283

 

PAPER

A Concise and Efficient Synthesis of Dapagliflozin

Cite this: Org. Process Res. Dev. 2019, 23, 7, 1458–1461

Publication Date:June 27, 2019

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00141

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00141

file:///C:/Users/Inspiron/Downloads/op9b00141_si_001.pdf  SUPP

Abstract

A concise and efficient synthesis of the SGLT-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (1) has been developed. This route involves ethyl C-aryl glycoside 9 as the key intermediate, which is easily crystallized and purified as the crystalline n-propanol solvate with high purity (>98.5%). The tetra-O-unprotected compound 9 could be directly reduced to crude dapagliflozin with high diastereoselectivity. The final pure API product 1 was isolated and purified with high purity (>99.7%). The process has been implemented on a multikilogram scale.

(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetra-hydro-2Hpyran-3,4,5-triol (1)

Compound 1 has a melting point of 88.3oC.

The MsOH solution should be used immediately to avoid sulfonate formation and we have no data on the presence of sulfonates in the API.

1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) 7.32-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.84 (m, 2H), 4.94-4.96 (m, 2H), 4.82-4.83 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.43-4.46 (m, 1H), 3.93-4.02 (m, 5H), 3.68-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.10-3.28 (m, 4H), 1.27-1.30 (m, 3H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSOd6) δ(ppm) 157.38, 140.14, 138.27, 132.40, 131.69, 131.27, 130.03, 129.13, 127.81, 114.78, 81.67, 81.18, 78.80, 75.19, 70.80, 63.37, 61.86, 38.14, 15.15.

IR(KBr): 3415, 2979, 2918, 1617, 1512, 1475, 1391, 1242, 1103, 1045, 913, 825 cm-1.

MS(m/z):431.12[M + Na]+ .

1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra for Compound

IR and Mass spectra for Compound

DSC spectra for Compound

PAPER

Synlett 2003(6): 0870-0872
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-38751

PAPER

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ol300220p

Abstract

A general, transition-metal-free, highly stereoselective cross-coupling reaction between glycosyl bromides and various arylzinc reagents leading to β-arylated glycosides is reported. The stereoselectivity of the reaction is explained by invoking anchimeric assistance via a bicyclic intermediate. Stereochemical probes confirm the participation of the 2-pivaloyloxy group. Finally, this new method was applied to a short and efficient stereoselective synthesis of Dapagliflozin and Canagliflozin.

CROSS REF J. Med. Chem 2008, 51, 1145

H NMR (360 MHz, MeOD): δ 7.35‐7.28 (m, 3H); 7.09 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=8.8Hz, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=9.5Hz, 1H); 4.03‐3.96 (m, 4H); 3.89‐3.85 (m, 1H); 3.71‐3.66 (m, 1H); 3.45‐3.36 (m, 4H), 3.28‐3.26 (m, 2H); 1.36 (t, J=6.9Hz, 3H).

13CNMR (90 MHz, MeOD): δ 14.80, 38.31, 61.80, 63.38, 69.88, 74.67, 77.93, 79.35, 81.08, 114.48, 126.35, 128.20, 129.01, 129.72, 130.62, 131.14, 134.15, 137.04, 139.01, 157.31.

PAPER

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00199a028

References

External links

• “Dapagliflozin”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
• “Dapagliflozin mixture with metformin hydrochloride”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
• “Dapagliflozin mixture with saxagliptin”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Clinical trials

• Clinical trial number NCT00528372 for “A Phase III Study of BMS-512148 (Dapagliflozin) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Not Well Controlled With Diet and Exercise” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT00643851 for “An Efficacy & Safety Study of BMS-512148 in Combination With Metformin Extended Release Tablets” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT00859898 for “Study of Dapagliflozin in Combination With Metformin XR to Initiate the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT00528879 for “A Phase III Study of BMS-512148 (Dapagliflozin) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Not Well Controlled on Metformin Alone” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT00660907 for “Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Combination With Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes Patients” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT00680745 for “Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Combination With Glimepiride (a Sulphonylurea) in Type 2 Diabetes Patients” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT01392677 for “Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Dapagliflozin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Who Have Inadequate Glycaemic Control on Background Combination of Metformin and Sulfonylurea” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT00683878 for “Add-on to Thiazolidinedione (TZD) Failures” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT00984867 for “Dapagliflozin DPPIV Inhibitor add-on Study” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT00673231 for “Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin, Added to Therapy of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With Inadequate Glycemic Control on Insulin” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT02229396 for “Phase 3 28-Week Study With 24-Week and 52-week Extension Phases to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Exenatide Once Weekly and Dapagliflozin Versus Exenatide and Dapagliflozin Matching Placebo” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT02413398 for “A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on Blood Glucose Level and Renal Safety in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (DERIVE)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT01730534 for “Multicenter Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Incidence of Cardiovascular Events (DECLARE-TIMI58)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT03036124 for “Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Incidence of Worsening Heart Failure or Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure (DAPA-HF)” at ClinicalTrials.gov

Dapagliflozin

Haworth projection (bottom)
Clinical data
Pronunciation	/ˌdæpəɡlɪˈfloʊzɪn/ DAP-ə-glif-LOH-zin
Trade names	Forxiga, Farxiga, Edistride, others
Other names	BMS-512148; (1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-C-{4-chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl}-D-glucitol
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
License data	EU EMA: by INN US DailyMed: Dapagliflozin US FDA: Dapagliflozin
Pregnancy category	AU: D[1]
Routes of administration	By mouth (tablets)
Drug class	Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor
ATC code	A10BK01 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only EU: Rx-only In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	78% (after 10 mg dose)
Protein binding	~91%
Metabolism	UGT1A9 (major), CYP (minor)
Metabolites	Dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide (inactive)
Elimination half-life	~12.9 hours
Excretion	Urine (75%), feces (21%)[2]
Identifiers
show IUPAC name
CAS Number	461432-26-8
PubChem CID	9887712
IUPHAR/BPS	4594
DrugBank	DB06292
ChemSpider	8063384
UNII	1ULL0QJ8UC
KEGG	D08897  as salt: D09763
ChEBI	CHEBI:85078
ChEMBL	ChEMBL429910
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID20905104
ECHA InfoCard	100.167.331
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C21H25ClO6
Molar mass	408.88 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
show SMILES
show InChI
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///////////DAPAGLIFLOZIN, ダパグリフロジン, BMS 512148, TYPE 2 DIABETES, SGLT-2 Inhibitors, EU 2012,  forxiga, FDA 2014, JAPAN 2014, DIABETES

1.  Statement on a nonproprietory name adopted by the USAN council
2.  Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin, Added to Therapy of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With Inadequate Glycemic Control on Insulin, ClinicalTrials.gov, April 2009
3.  Trial Details for Trial MB102-020, Bristol-Myers Squibb, May 2009
4.  “FDA panel advises against approval of dapagliflozin”. 19 July 2011.
5.  Prous Science: Molecule of the Month November 2007
6.  UEndocrine: Internet Endocrinology Community
7.  Schubert-Zsilavecz, M, Wurglics, M, Neue Arzneimittel 2008/2009
8. more1) Pal, Manojit et al; Improved Process for the preparation of SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin via glycosylation of 5-bromo-2-Chloro-4′-ethoxydiphenylmethane with Gluconolactone ;. Indian Pat Appl,. 2010CH03942 , 19 Oct 20122) Lemaire, Sebastien et al; Stereoselective C-Glycosylation Reactions with Arylzinc Reagents ;
9. Organic Letters , 2012, 14 (6), 1480-1483;3) Zhuo, Biqin and Xing, Xijuan; Process for preparation of Dapagliflozin amino acid cocrystals ;
10. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing , 102 167 715, 31 Aug 20114) Shao, Hua et al; Total synthesis of SGLT2 inhibitor Dapagliflozin ;
11. Hecheng Huaxue , 18 (3), 389-392; 20105) Liou, Jason et al; Processes for the preparation of C-Aryl glycoside amino acid complexes as potential SGLT2 Inhibitors ;. PCT Int Appl,.
12. WO20100223136) Seed, Brian et al; Preparation of Deuterated benzyl-benzene glycosides having an inhibitory Effect on sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter; . PCT Int Appl,.
13.  WO20100092437) Song, Yanli et al; Preparation of benzylbenzene glycoside Derivatives as antidiabetic Agents ;. PCT Int Appl,.
14. WO20090265378) Meng, Wei et al; D iscovery of Dapagliflozin: A Potent, Selective Renal Sodium-Dependent Glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes ;
15. Journal of Medicinal chemistr y, 2008, 51 (5), 1145 -1149;9) Gougoutas, Jack Z. et al; Solvates Crystalline complexes of amino acid with (1S)-1 ,5-anhydro-LC (3 – ((phenyl) methyl) phenyl)-D-glucitol were prepared as for SGLT2 Inhibitors the treatment of Diabetes ;. PCT Int Appl,.
16. WO200800282410) Deshpande, Prashant P. et al; Methods of producing C-Aryl glucoside SGLT2 Inhibitors ;.. U.S. Pat Appl Publ,. 20,040,138,439