Acamprosate calcium, アカンプロセート

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Acamprosate CalciumSkeletal formula of acamprosateThumb

ChemSpider 2D Image | Acamprosate | C5H11NO4SAcamprosate.pngImage result for Acamprosate synthesis

Acamprosate calcium

Molecular Formula: C10H20CaN2O8S2
Molecular Weight: 400.474 g/mol

3-acetamidopropane-1-sulfonic acid

Campral [Trade name]
Ethanimidic acid, N-(3-sulfopropyl)-, (1Z)- [ACD/Index Name]
N4K14YGM3J
N-Acetylhomotaurine
アカンプロセート
INGREDIENT UNII CAS fre form

Cas 77337-76-9

181.21

C5H11NO4S

Acamprosate Calcium 59375N1D0U 77337-73-6

Acamprosate, sold under the brand name Campral, is a medication used along with counselling to treat alcohol dependence.[1][2]

Acamprosate, also known by the brand name Campral™, is a drug used for treating alcohol dependence. Acamprosate is thought to stabilize the chemical balance in the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcoholism, possibly by blocking glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, while gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors are activated. Reports indicate that acamprosate only works with a combination of attending support groups and abstinence from alcohol. Certain serious side effects include allergic reactions, irregular heartbeats, and low or high blood pressure, while less serious side effects include headaches, insomnia, and impotence. Acamprosate should not be taken by people with kidney problems or allergies to the drug.

Acamprosate is thought to stabilize chemical signaling in the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcohol withdrawal.[3] When used alone, acamprosate is not an effective therapy for alcoholism in most individuals;[4] however, studies have found that acamprosate works best when used in combination with psychosocial support since it facilitates a reduction in alcohol consumption as well as full abstinence.[2][5][6]

Serious side effects include allergic reactionsabnormal heart rhythms, and low or high blood pressure, while less serious side effects include headachesinsomnia, and impotence.[7] Diarrhea is the most common side-effect.[8] Acamprosate should not be taken by people with kidney problems or allergies to the drug.[9]

Until it became a generic in the United States, Campral was manufactured and marketed in the United States by Forest Laboratories, while Merck KGaA markets it outside the US.

Medical uses

Acamprosate is useful when used along with counselling in the treatment of alcohol dependence.[2] Over three to twelve months it increases the number of people who do not drink at all and the number of days without alcohol.[2] It appears to work as well as naltrexone.[2]

Contraindications

Acamprosate is primarily removed by the kidneys and should not be given to people with severely impaired kidneys (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min). A dose reduction is suggested in those with moderately impaired kidneys (creatinine clearancebetween 30 mL/min and 50 mL/min).[1][10] It is also contraindicated in those who have a strong allergic reaction to acamprosate calcium or any of its components.[10]

Adverse effects

The US label carries warnings about increased of suicidal behavior, major depressive disorder, and kidney failure.[1]

Adverse effects that caused people to stop taking the drug in clinical trials included diarrhea, nausea, depression, and anxiety.[1]

Other frequent adverse effects include headache, stomach pain, back pain, muscle pain, joint pain, chest pain, infections, flu-like symptoms, chills, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, fainting, vomiting, upset stomach, constipation, increased appetite, weight gain, edema, sleepiness, decreased sex drive, impotence, forgetfulness, abnormal thinking, abnormal vision, distorted sense of taste, tremors, runny nose, coughing, difficulty breathing, sore throat, bronchitis, and rashes.[1]

Pharmacology

Acamprosate calcium

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of acamprosate is complex and not fully understood;[11][12][13] however, it is believed to act as an NMDA receptor antagonist and positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors.[12][13]

Ethanol and benzodiazepines act on the central nervous system by binding to the GABAA receptor, increasing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (i.e., they act as positive allosteric modulators at these receptors).[12][4] In chronic alcohol abuse, one of the main mechanisms of tolerance is attributed to GABAA receptors becoming downregulated (i.e. these receptors become less sensitive to GABA).[4] When alcohol is no longer consumed, these down-regulated GABAA receptor complexes are so insensitive to GABA that the typical amount of GABA produced has little effect, leading to physical withdrawal symptoms;[4] since GABA normally inhibits neural firing, GABAA receptor desensitization results in unopposed excitatory neurotransmission (i.e., fewer inhibitory postsynaptic potentialsoccur through GABAA receptors), leading to neuronal over-excitation (i.e., more action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron). One of acamprosate’s mechanisms of action is the enhancement of GABA signaling at GABAA receptors via positive allosteric receptor modulation.[12][13] It has been purported to open the chloride ion channel in a novel way as it does not require GABA as a cofactor, making it less liable for dependence than benzodiazepines. Acamprosate has been successfully used to control tinnitus, hyperacusis, ear pain and inner ear pressure during alcohol use due to spasms of the tensor tympani muscle.[medical citation needed]

In addition, alcohol also inhibits the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs).[14][15] Chronic alcohol consumption leads to the overproduction (upregulation) of these receptors. Thereafter, sudden alcohol abstinence causes the excessive numbers of NMDARs to be more active than normal and to contribute to the symptoms of delirium tremensand excitotoxic neuronal death.[16] Withdrawal from alcohol induces a surge in release of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate, which activates NMDARs.[17] Acamprosate reduces this glutamate surge.[18] The drug also protects cultured cells from excitotoxicity induced by ethanol withdrawal[19] and from glutamate exposure combined with ethanol withdrawal.[20]

Pharmacokinetics

Acamprosate is not metabolized by the human body.[13] Acamprosate’s absolute bioavailability from oral administration is approximately 11%.[13] Following administration and absorption of acamprosate, it is excreted unchanged (i.e., as acamprosate) via the kidneys.[13]

History

Acamprosate was developed by Lipha, a subsidiary of Merck KGaA.[21] and was approved for marketing in Europe in 1989.[citation needed]

In October 2001 Forest Laboratories acquired the rights to market the drug in the US.[21][22]

It was approved by the FDA in July 2004.[23]

The first generic versions of acamprosate were launched in the US in 2013.[24]

As of 2015 acamprosate was in development by Confluence Pharmaceuticals as a potential treatment for fragile X syndrome. The drug was granted orphan status for this use by the FDA in 2013 and by the EMA in 2014.[25]

Society and culture

“Acamprosate” is the INN and BAN for this substance. “Acamprosate calcium” is the USAN and JAN. It is also technically known as N-acetylhomotaurine or as calcium acetylhomotaurinate.

It is sold under the brand name Campral.[1]

Research

In addition to its apparent ability to help patients refrain from drinking, some evidence suggests that acamprosate is neuroprotective (that is, it protects neurons from damage and death caused by the effects of alcohol withdrawal, and possibly other causes of neurotoxicity).[18][26]

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m “Campral label” (PDF). FDA. January 2012. Retrieved 27 November2017. For label updates see FDA index page for NDA 021431
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e Plosker, GL (July 2015). “Acamprosate: A Review of Its Use in Alcohol Dependence”. Drugs75 (11): 1255–68. doi:10.1007/s40265-015-0423-9PMID 26084940.
  3. Jump up^ Williams, SH. (2005). “Medications for treating alcohol dependence”American Family Physician72 (9): 1775–1780. PMID 16300039.
  4. Jump up to:a b c d Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). “Chapter 16: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders”. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071827706It has been hypothesized that long-term ethanol exposure alters the expression or activity of specific GABAA receptor subunits in discrete brain regions. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, ethanol-induced decreases in GABAA receptor sensitivity are believed to contribute to ethanol tolerance, and also may mediate some aspects of physical dependence on ethanol. … Detoxification from ethanol typically involves the administration of benzodiazepines such as chlordiazepoxide, which exhibit cross-dependence with ethanol at GABAA receptors (Chapters 5 and 15). A dose that will prevent the physical symptoms associated with withdrawal from ethanol, including tachycardia, hypertension, tremor, agitation, and seizures, is given and is slowly tapered. Benzodiazepines are used because they are less reinforcing than ethanol among alcoholics. Moreover, the tapered use of a benzodiazepine with a long half-life makes the emergence of withdrawal symptoms less likely than direct withdrawal from ethanol. … Unfortunately, acamprosate is not adequately effective for most alcoholics.
  5. Jump up^ Mason, BJ (2001). “Treatment of alcohol-dependent outpatients with acamprosate: a clinical review”. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 62 Suppl 20: 42–8. PMID 11584875.
  6. Jump up^ Nutt, DJ (2014). “Doing it by numbers: A simple approach to reducing the harms of alcohol”. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY28: 3–7. doi:10.1177/0269881113512038PMID 24399337.
  7. Jump up^ “Acamprosate”. drugs.com. 2005-03-25. Archived from the original on 22 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  8. Jump up^ Wilde, MI; Wagstaff, AJ (June 1997). “Acamprosate. A review of its pharmacology and clinical potential in the management of alcohol dependence after detoxification”. Drugs53(6): 1038–53. doi:10.2165/00003495-199753060-00008PMID 9179530.
  9. Jump up^ “Acamprosate Oral – Who should not take this medication?”. WebMD.com. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  10. Jump up to:a b Saivin, S; Hulot, T; Chabac, S; Potgieter, A; Durbin, P; Houin, G (Nov 1998). “Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Acamprosate”. Clinical Pharmacokinetics35 (5): 331–345. doi:10.2165/00003088-199835050-00001PMID 9839087.
  11. Jump up^ “Acamprosate: Biological activity”IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 26 November 2017Due to the complex nature of this drug’s MMOA, and a paucity of well defined target affinity data, we do not map to a primary drug target in this instance.
  12. Jump up to:a b c d “Acamprosate: Summary”IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 26 November 2017Acamprosate is a NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist and a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors.
    Marketed formulations contain acamprosate calcium
  13. Jump up to:a b c d e f “Acamprosate”DrugBank. University of Alberta. 19 November 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017Acamprosate is thought to stabilize the chemical balance in the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcoholism, possibly by blocking glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, while gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors are activated. … The mechanism of action of acamprosate in maintenance of alcohol abstinence is not completely understood. Chronic alcohol exposure is hypothesized to alter the normal balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. in vitro and in vivostudies in animals have provided evidence to suggest acamprosate may interact with glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems centrally, and has led to the hypothesis that acamprosate restores this balance. It seems to inhibit NMDA receptors while activating GABA receptors.
  14. Jump up^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). “Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders”. In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 372. ISBN 9780071481274.
  15. Jump up^ Möykkynen T, Korpi ER (July 2012). “Acute effects of ethanol on glutamate receptors”. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology111 (1): 4–13. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00879.xPMID 22429661.
  16. Jump up^ Tsai, G; Coyle, JT (1998). “The role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of alcoholism”. Annual Review of Medicine49: 173–84. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.173PMID 9509257.
  17. Jump up^ Tsai, GE; Ragan, P; Chang, R; Chen, S; Linnoila, VM; Coyle, JT (1998). “Increased glutamatergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress after alcohol withdrawal”The American Journal of Psychiatry155 (6): 726–32. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.6.726PMID 9619143.
  18. Jump up to:a b De Witte, P; Littleton, J; Parot, P; Koob, G (2005). “Neuroprotective and abstinence-promoting effects of acamprosate: elucidating the mechanism of action”. CNS Drugs19 (6): 517–37. doi:10.2165/00023210-200519060-00004PMID 15963001.
  19. Jump up^ Mayer, S; Harris, BR; Gibson, DA; Blanchard, JA; Prendergast, MA; Holley, RC; Littleton, J (2002). “Acamprosate, MK-801, and ifenprodil inhibit neurotoxicity and calcium entry induced by ethanol withdrawal in organotypic slice cultures from neonatal rat hippocampus”. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research26 (10): 1468–78. doi:10.1097/00000374-200210000-00003PMID 12394279.
  20. Jump up^ Al Qatari, M; Khan, S; Harris, B; Littleton, J (2001). “Acamprosate is neuroprotective against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity when enhanced by ethanol withdrawal in neocortical cultures of fetal rat brain”. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research25(9): 1276–83. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02348.xPMID 11584146.
  21. Jump up to:a b Berfield, Susan (27 May 2002). “A CEO and His Son”Bloomberg Businessweek.
  22. Jump up^ “Press release: Forest Laboratories Announces Agreement For Alcohol Addiction Treatment”Forest Labs via Evaluate Group. October 23, 2001.
  23. Jump up^ “FDA Approves New Drug for Treatment of Alcoholism”FDA Talk PaperFood and Drug Administration. 2004-07-29. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
  24. Jump up^ “Acamprosate generics”. DrugPatentWatch. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  25. Jump up^ “Acamprosate – Confluence Pharmaceuticals – AdisInsight”. AdisInsight. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  26. Jump up^ Mann K, Kiefer F, Spanagel R, Littleton J (July 2008). “Acamprosate: recent findings and future research directions”. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res32 (7): 1105–10. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00690.xPMID 18540918.
Title: Acamprosate Calcium
CAS Registry Number: 77337-73-6
CAS Name: 3-(Acetylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid calcium salt (2:1)
Additional Names: calcium acetyl homotaurinate; Ca-AOTA; calcium bisacetyl homotaurine
Trademarks: Aotal (Merck KGaA); Campral (Merck Sant?
Molecular Formula: C10H20CaN2O8S2
Molecular Weight: 400.48
Percent Composition: C 29.99%, H 5.03%, Ca 10.01%, N 6.99%, O 31.96%, S 16.01%
Literature References: GABA (g-aminobutyric acid, q.v.) agonist. Prepn: J. P. Durlach, DE 3019350idem, US 4355043 (1980, 1982 both to Lab. Meram). Physicochemical and pharmacological study: C. Chabenat et al., Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol.10, 311 (1988). Pharmacology: J. Durlach et al., ibid. 437; A. Guiet-Bara et al., Alcohol 5, 63 (1988). Suppression of ethanol intake in rats: F. Boismare et al., Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 21, 787 (1984); J. Le Magnen et al., Alcohol 4, 97 (1987). Evaluation of abuse potential: K. A. Grant, W. L. Woolverton, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32, 607 (1989). HPLC determn in plasma: C. Chabenat et al., J. Chromatogr. 414, 417 (1987). Clinical evaluation in relapse prevention in weaned alcoholics: J. P. L’Huintre et al., Lancet 1, 1014 (1985); J. P. L’Huintre et al., Alcohol Alcohol. 25, 613 (1990). Review of clinical efficacy in maintenance of abstinence in alcoholics: L. J. Scott et al., CNS Drugs 19, 445-464 (2005); of mechanism of action: P. De Witte et al., ibid. 517-537.
Properties: Colorless crystalline powder, mp 270°. uv max (water): 192 nm (e 7360). Freely sol in water. Practically insol in absolute ethanol, dichloromethane. LD50 i.p. in male mice: 1.87 g/kg (Durlach, 1982).
Melting point: mp 270°
Absorption maximum: uv max (water): 192 nm (e 7360)
Toxicity data: LD50 i.p. in male mice: 1.87 g/kg (Durlach, 1982)
Therap-Cat: In treatment of alcoholism.
Keywords: Alcohol Dependence Treatment.

 Acamprosate calcium

    • ATC:N07BB03
  • Use:alcohol-abuse deterrent
  • Chemical name:3-(acetylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid calcium salt (2:1)
  • Formula:C10H20CaN2O8S2
    • MW:400.49 g/mol
    • CAS-RN:77337-73-6
    • EINECS:278-665-3
    • LD50:>10 g/kg (M, p.o.)

    Derivatives

    free acid

    • Formula:C5H11NO4S
    • MW:181.21 g/mol
    • CAS-RN:77337-76-9
    • EINECS:278-667-4

    Substance Classes

    Synthesis Path

    Substances Referenced in Synthesis Path

    CAS-RN Formula Chemical Name CAS Index Name
    3687-18-1 C3H9NO3S 3-aminopropane-1-sulfonic acid 1-Propanesulfonic acid, 3-amino-
    156-87-6 C3H9NO 3-amino-1-propanol 1-Propanol, 3-amino-

    Trade Names

    Country Trade Name Vendor Annotation
    D Campral Merck
    F Aotal Merck Lipha
    GB Campral EC Merck Serono
    USA Campral Forest

    Formulations

    • tabl. 50 mg, 100 mg, 333 mg

    References

      • DE 3 019 350 (Lab. Meram; appl. 21.5.1980; F-prior. 23.5.1979).
      • US 4 355 043 (Lab. Meram; 19.10.1982; F-prior. 23.5.1979).
    • synthesis of 3-aminopropane-1-sulfonic acid:

      • Fujii, A. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 18, 502 (1975).
      • JP 46 002 012 (Kowa; appl. 19.1.1971).
      • WO 8 400 958 (Mitsui; appl. 15.3.1984; J-prior. 7.9.1982, 19.7.1983, 8.9.1982).
    Acamprosate
    Skeletal formula of acamprosate
    Ball-and-stick model of the acamprosate molecule
    Clinical data
    Trade names Campral EC
    Synonyms N-Acetyl homotaurine, Acamprosate calcium (JAN JP), Acamprosate calcium (USANUS)
    Pregnancy
    category
    Routes of
    administration
    Oral [1]
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
    • UK: POM (Prescription only)
    • US: ℞-only
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Bioavailability 11%[1]
    Protein binding Negligible[1]
    Metabolism Nil[1]
    Elimination half-life 20 h to 33 h[1]
    Excretion Renal[1]
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    ECHA InfoCard 100.071.495 Edit this at Wikidata
    Chemical and physical data
    Formula C5H11NO4S
    Molar mass 181.211 g/mol
    3D model (JSmol)
     NoYes (what is this?)  (verify)

     

    Open Babel bond-line chemical structure with annotated hydrogens.<br>Click to toggle size.Image result for Acamprosate nmr

    ////////////////Acamprosate calcium, アカンプロセート

    CC(=O)NCCCS(O)(=O)=O

    CC(=O)NCCCS(=O)(=O)[O-].CC(=O)NCCCS(=O)(=O)[O-].[Ca+2]

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