BIFONAZOLE

BIFONAZOLE

• Molecular FormulaC₂₂H₁₈N₂
• Average mass310.392 Da

Bifonazole (trade name Canespor among others^[1]) is an imidazole antifungal drug used in form of ointments.

It was patented in 1974 and approved for medical use in 1983.^[2] There are also combinations with carbamide for the treatment of onychomycosis.

Bifonazole is an azole antifungal drug used to treat fungal skin infections, such as dermatomycosis.

• Synonyms:Bifonazolum
• ATC:D01AC10

• MW:310.40 g/mol
• CAS-RN:60628-96-8
• InChI Key:OCAPBUJLXMYKEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• InChI:InChI=1S/C22H18N2/c1-3-7-18(8-4-1)19-11-13-21(14-12-19)22(24-16-15-23-17-24)20-9-5-2-6-10-20/h1-17,22H
• EINECS:262-336-6
• LD₅₀:57 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 2629 mg/kg (M, p.o.);
  63 mg/kg (R, i.v.); 1463 mg/kg (R, p.o.);
  >500 mg/kg (dog, p.o.)

Derivatives

Monohydrochloride

• Formula:C₂₂H₁₈N₂ • HCl
• MW:346.86 g/mol
• CAS-RN:60629-09-6

Sulfate

• Formula:C₂₂H₁₈N₂ • xH₂O₄S
• MW:unspecified
• CAS-RN:60629-08-5

SYN

Synthesis Reference

Regal, E., Draber, W., Buchel, K.H.and Plempel, M.; U.S. Patent 4,118,487; October 3,1978; assigned to Bayer A.G.

US4118487

SYN

SYN

(CAS NO.: ), with its systematic name of , 1-(alpha-(4-biphenylyl)benzyl)-, could be produced through many synthetic methods.

Following is one of the synthesis routes: (I) could be reduced with NaBH₄ in ethanol to produce 4-phenylbenzhydrol (II), and the yielding product is then condensed with imidazole (III) in the presence of SOCl₂ in acetonitrile.

PAT

https://patents.google.com/patent/DE10332684B3/en

• The The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of Bifonazole (1- [biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methyl] -1H-imidazole) by reacting 1-biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanol with a chlorinating reagent in cyclohexane and subsequent coupling with imidazole.
• [0002]
  The compound bifonazole (1- [biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methyl] -1H-imidazole) is off DE-A 2 461 406 known and corresponds to the formula (I). Due to its antifungal activity, it can be used as an agent for the treatment of fungal diseases.
• 
• [0003]
  Various methods for preparing this compound are known. So describes DE-A 2 461 406 the synthesis (process 1) of bifonazole (Example 1) starting from biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanol by reaction with imidazole and thionyl chloride in acetonitrile with a yield of only 56% of theory. An alternative synthesis described therein (process 2) starting from 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl, which is prepared from biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanol by reaction with thionyl chloride in toluene, by reaction with trimethylsilylimidazole bifonazole provides only in a yield of 52% of theory.
• [0004]
  ES-A 2 024 363 describes also starting from 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl, which is prepared from biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanol by reaction with hydrogen chloride in acetonitrile, by reaction with imidazole in acetonitrile using a phase transfer catalyst, the synthesis (method 3) of bifonazole.
• [0005]
  AT-B 396 931 describes the preparation (method 4) of bifonazole by means of reductive amination of biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanone with imidazole and formic acid. However, this requires high reaction temperatures (220 ° C.) and long reaction times. DE-A 3 538 873 describes a comparable process (process 5) with the additional use of p-toluenesulfonic acid, wherein the reaction temperature is 180 ° C.
• [0006]
  This in ES 539 345 described method (method 6) for the preparation of bifonazole involves a Gringard reaction between 4-biphenylmagnesium bromide and benzoylated imidazole. Finally, it is tosylated and reduced to bifonazole.
• [0007]
  ES 549 793 describes the synthesis (method 7) of bifonazole starting from a cyclocondensation between biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methylamine, 2-chloro-1-aminoethane and ethyl orthoacetate. The final dehydrogenation is carried out by reaction with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone in benzene.
• [0008]
  All known processes have various disadvantages which are particularly unfavorable in the preparation of the compound of the formula (I) on an industrial scale. The solvents used in processes 1 and 2 acetonitrile and toluene are of concern to health. Their use should be avoided in the manufacture of active ingredients used in medicines. By using toluene in process 2, chlorination to give 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl also produces a toluene-specific, undesired by-product which can only be removed incompletely and thus deteriorates the product quality. The yield is unsatisfactory in both processes. A significant disadvantage of method 3 is, in addition to the use of acetonitrile as solvent, the use of a phase transfer catalyst, which is difficult to separate from the product during work-up. Methods 4 and 5 both operate at very high temperatures and are therefore disadvantageous in a technical use due to the energy consumption and the potential hazard. In method 6, the use of the Gringard reagent is disadvantageous, since this must be produced under considerable safety expense and difficult to handle on an industrial scale. Disadvantage in process 7 is the use of the very toxic compounds 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone and benzene. Their use should be avoided especially in the production of active ingredients used in pharmaceuticals

• The following scheme illustrates the individual reaction steps.
• 

• Embodiment:
• Synthesis of bifonazole (1- [Biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methyl] -1H-imidazole)
• 1st step: 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl (III)
• [0038]
  140 g (0.54 mol) dry (water content <0.3%) biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanol (II) are suspended in 1550 ml of cyclohexane and treated with 90 g (0.76 mol) thionyl chloride at a temperature of 50 to 55 ° C added. The reaction mixture is stirred for 0.5 h at a temperature of 50 to 55 ° C stirred. Subsequently, in the Vacuum (<100 mbar) Distilled off thionyl chloride and cyclohexane. A distillation bottoms containing 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl remains.
• 2nd step: 1- [biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methyl] -1H-imidazole (Bifonazole)
• [0039]
  162 g (2.4 mol) of imidazole are suspended in 1350 ml of acetone and dissolved at 50 ° C. This solution is added to the distillation bottoms from step 1 containing 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl (III). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 3 h. After cooling, the reaction solution is mixed with 2 g of activated carbon and 2 g of bleaching earth at a temperature of 50 to 55 ° C, stirred for 0.5 h and filtered. The filtrate is cooled to about 0 ° C. The title compound crystallizes by addition of seed crystals, is filtered off and washed with a mixture of acetone / water (1: 1). For recrystallization, the product is dissolved in 1250 ml of isopropanol, treated with 0.5 g of activated charcoal and 0.5 g of bleaching earth, heated to reflux and filtered hot. The filtrate is cooled to 10 ° C. The title compound crystallizes out by addition of seed crystals, is filtered off, washed with isopropanol and dried. The yield is 101 g (61.9% of theory). The purity of the product is 98.68% by weight.
  Melting point: 142 ° C
• Comparative method:
• [0040]
  In the comparative method, instead of cyclohexane, toluene is used as solvent in step 1 as in DE-A 2 461 406 described. Step 2 is performed as described above. 1- [biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methyl] -1H-imidazole (bifonazole) is obtained in a purity of 97.66% by weight.

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Adverse effects

The most common side effect is a burning sensation at the application site. Other reactions, such as itching, eczema or skin dryness, are rare.^[3] Bifonazole is a potent aromatase inhibitor in vitro.^[4][5]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Bifonazole has a dual mode of action. It inhibits fungal ergosterol biosynthesis at two points, via transformation of 24-methylendihydrolanosterol to desmethylsterol, together with inhibition of HMG-CoA. This enables fungicidal properties against dermatophytes and distinguishes bifonazole from other antifungal drugs.^[3][6]

Pharmacokinetics

Six hours after application, bifonazole concentrations range from 1000 µg/cm³ in the stratum corneum to 5 µg/cm³ in the papillary dermis.^[3]

References

Further reading

• Lackner TE, Clissold SP (August 1989). “Bifonazole. A review of its antimicrobial activity and therapeutic use in superficial mycoses”. Drugs. 38 (2): 204–25. doi:10.2165/00003495-198938020-00004. PMID 2670516.

Bifonazole

Clinical data
Trade names	Canespor, many others
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Routes of administration	Topical
ATC code	D01AC10 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	In general: Over-the-counter (OTC)
Identifiers
show IUPAC name
CAS Number	60628-96-8
PubChem CID	2378
DrugBank	DB04794
ChemSpider	2287
UNII	QYJ305Z91O
KEGG	D01775
ChEBI	CHEBI:31286
ChEMBL	ChEMBL277535
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID9045631
ECHA InfoCard	100.056.651
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C22H18N2
Molar mass	310.400 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Chirality	Racemic mixture
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///////////BIFONAZOLE, бифоназол , بيفونازول , 联苯苄唑 , BAY H 4502, BAY-H-4502

C1=CN(C=N1)C(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1