4-(6-chloro-1-oxo-3-thioxo-9,9a-dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,5-a]indol-2(3H)-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-benzonitrile
- Drug Name：
- Enzalutamide
- Research Code：
- MDV-3100
- Trade Name：
- Xtandi®
- MOA：
- Androgen receptor inhibitor
- Indication：
- Prostate cancer
- Status：
- Approved
- Company：
- Medivation (Originator) , Astellas
- Sales：
- $2,100.8 Million (Y2015);
$1,247.3 Million (Y2014);
$546 Million (Y2013);
$148.8 Million (Y2012); - ATC Code：
- L01
| Approval Date | Approval Type | Trade Name | Indication | Dosage Form | Strength | Company | Review Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012-08-31 | Marketing approval | Xtandi | Prostate cancer | Capsule, Liquid filled | 40 mg | Astellas | Priority |
| Approval Date | Approval Type | Trade Name | Indication | Dosage Form | Strength | Company | Review Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013-06-21 | Marketing approval | Xtandi | Prostate cancer | Capsule | 40 mg | Astellas |
| Approval Date | Approval Type | Trade Name | Indication | Dosage Form | Strength | Company | Review Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-03-24 | Marketing approval | Xtandi | Prostate cancer | Capsule | 40 mg | Astellas |
WILL BE UPDATED………
Enzalutamide was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on August 31, 2012, then approved by European Medicine Agency (EMA) on June 21, 2013, and approved by Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan (PMDA) on March 24, 2014. It was developed by Medivation and Astellas and marketed as Xtandi® by Astellas.
Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor inhibitor that decreases proliferation and induces death of prostate cancer cells. It is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who have previously received docetaxel.
Xtandi® is available as capsule for oral use, containing 40 mg of free Enzalutamide, and the recommended doe is 160 mg once daily.
Prostate cancer, one of the most malignant tumors worldwide, is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men in America . Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been proved to be effective initially, the tumor will eventually progress and develop into the lethal castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) . The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily and plays a critical role in the progression of normal prostate cells. However, overexpression of AR was found in most CRPC, which is essential for CRPC to adapt to the low levels of androgens. As AR contributes significantly to the resistance to castration, it has been recognized as an attractive target for the treatment of CRPC
Reagents and conditions: (i) HNO3 , H2SO4 , -5 oC, 3 h; (ii) SOCl2 , MeOH, reflux, 12 h; (iii) H2 , Pd/C, MeOH, rt, 12 h; (iv) (CH3CO)2O, TEA, 50 oC, 6 h; (v) H2 , Pd/C, MeOH, rt, 12 h; (vi) acetone, HCl (6 mol/L), -10 oC, 0.5 h, NaNO2 , H2O, -10 oC, 1 h, CuCl/CuBr/KI, 0 oC, 3 h; (vii) HCl, 50 oC, 3 h; (viii) SOCl2 , MeOH, reflux, 12 h; (ix) 2, DMF, TEA, 60 oC, 1 h.
4-(6-chloro-1-oxo-3-thioxo-9,9a-dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,5-a]indol-2(3H)-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-benzonitrile (48c). It was obtained as a yellow solid
m.p. 220-222 oC;
1H-NMR (300 MHz，DMSO-d6): δ 8.40 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.19 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.02-7.92 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.49-7.46 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.34-7.32 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 5.56 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, -CH-), 3.58 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H, -CH2-) ppm;
13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 184.1, 172.1, 142.3, 138.5, 136.8, 134.7, 131.9, 131.5, 128.0, 126.1 (q, J = 267.9 Hz, CF3), 117.2, 115.4, 66.9, 39.9 ppm;
IR (KBr): 3094, 2232, 1763, 1607, 1499, 1270, 1136, 1052, 998, 786 cm-1;
HRMS (ESI): m/z, calculated for C18H9ClF3N3OS 408.0180 (M + H)+ , found 408.0173.
Paper
A series of indoline thiohydantoin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro.The most potent compound 48c shows comparable ability with enzalutamide in proliferation inhibition of LNCaP cells.Compound 48c has less cytotoxic to AR-negative cells compared with Enzalutamide.
The bicalutamide-resistant mechanism was clarified and overcome by compound 48c.
Abstract
A novel scaffold of indoline thiohydantoin was discovered as potent androgen receptor (AR) antagonist through rational drug designation. Several compounds showed good biological profiles in AR binding and higher selective toxicity than enzalutamide toward LNCaP cells (AR-rich) versus DU145 cells (AR-deficient). In addition, the docking studies supported the rationalization of the biological evaluation. Among these compounds, the representative compound 48c exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on LNCaP growth and also acted as a competitive AR antagonist. Further preliminary mechanism study confirmed that 48c exerted its AR antagonistic activity through impairing AR nuclear translocation. All these results indicated that the novel scaffold compounds demonstrated AR antagonistic behaviour and promising candidates for future development were identified.
Graphical abstract
Available online 22 October 2016
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
- zhiyuli@cpu.edu.cn
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0223523416309114
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.049
Paper
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CHINA PATENTS
////////Prostate cancer, Androgen receptor, Antagonist, Indoline thiohydantoin derivatives, indoline thiohydantoin derivatives, enzalutamide, antiproliferative agents, prostate cancer
c1c(cc(c(c1)C#N)C(F)(F)F)N2C(C3Cc4ccc(cc4N3C2=S)Cl)=O