Triheptanoin

Triheptanoin

Approved US FDA 30/6/2020 Dojolvi UX 007

Triheptanoin is a source of heptanoate fatty acids, which can be metabolized without the enzymes of long chain fatty acid oxidation.⁴ In clinical trials, patients with long chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (lc-FAODs) treated with triheptanoin are less likely to develop hypoglycemia, cardiomyopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and hepatomegaly.^1,2 Complications in lc-FAOD patients are reduced from approximately 60% to approximately 10% with the addition of triheptanoin.²

Triheptanoin was granted FDA approval on 30 June 2020.⁴

Triheptanoin, sold under the brand name Dojolvi, is a medication for the treatment of children and adults with molecularly confirmed long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC-FAOD).^[1][2][3]

The most common adverse reactions include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea.^[1][2][3]

Triheptanoin was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2020.^[4][2][3]

Triheptanoin is a triglyceride that is composed of three seven-carbon (C7:0) fatty acids. These odd-carbon fatty acids are able to provide anaplerotic substrates for the TCA cycle. Triheptanoin is used clinically in humans to treat inherited metabolic diseases, such as pyruvate carboxylase deficiency and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. It also appears to increase the efficacy of the ketogenic diet as a treatment for epilepsy.

Since triheptanoin is composed of odd-carbon fatty acids, it can produce ketone bodies with five carbon atoms, as opposed to even-carbon fatty acids which are metabolized to ketone bodies with four carbon atoms. The five-carbon ketones produced from triheptanoin are beta-ketopentanoate and beta-hydroxypentanoate. Each of these ketone bodies easily crosses the blood–brain barrier and enters the brain.

Medical uses

Dojolvi is indicated as a source of calories and fatty acids for the treatment of children and adults with molecularly confirmed long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC-FAOD).^[1][2]

History

Triheptanoin was designated an orphan drug by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006, 2008, 2014, and 2015.^[5][6][7][8] Triheptanoin was also designated an orphan drug by the European Medicines Agency (EMA).^{[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]}

Triheptanoin was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2020.^[4][2]

The FDA approved triheptanoin based on evidence from three clinical trials (Trial 1/NCT018863, Trial 2/NCT022141 and Trial 3/NCT01379625).^[3] The trials enrolled children and adults with LC-FAOD.^[3] Trials 1 and 2 were conducted at 11 sites in the United States and the United Kingdom, and Trial 3 was conducted at two sites in the United States.^[3]

Trial 1 and Trial 2 were used to evaluate the side effects of triheptanoin.^[3] Both trials enrolled children and adults diagnosed with LC-FAOD.^[3] In Trial 1, participants received triheptanoin for 78 weeks.^[3] Trial 2 enrolled participants from other trials who were already treated with triheptanoin (including those from Trial 1) as well as participants who were never treated with triheptanoin before.^[3] Trial 2 is still ongoing and is planned to last up to five years.^[3]

The benefit of triheptanoin was evaluated in Trial 3 which enrolled enrolled children and adults with LC-FAOD.^[3] Half of the participants received triheptanoin and half received trioctanoin for four months.^[3] Neither the participants nor the investigators knew which treatment was given until the end of the trial.^[3] The benefit of triheptanoin in comparison to trioctanoin was assessed by measuring the changes in heart and muscle function.^[3]

Names

Triheptanoin is the international nonproprietary name.^[17]

SYN

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejlt.201100425

References

Further reading

• de Almeida Rabello Oliveira M, da Rocha Ataíde T, de Oliveira SL, de Melo Lucena AL, de Lira CE, Soares AA, et al. (March 2008). “Effects of short-term and long-term treatment with medium- and long-chain triglycerides ketogenic diet on cortical spreading depression in young rats”. Neurosci. Lett. 434 (1): 66–70. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.032. PMID 18281154. S2CID 7754768.
• Mochel F, DeLonlay P, Touati G, Brunengraber H, Kinman RP, Rabier D, et al. (April 2005). “Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency: clinical and biochemical response to anaplerotic diet therapy”. Mol. Genet. Metab. 84 (4): 305–12. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.09.007. PMID 15781190.
• Borges K, Sonnewald U (July 2012). “Triheptanoin–a medium chain triglyceride with odd chain fatty acids: a new anaplerotic anticonvulsant treatment?”. Epilepsy Res. 100 (3): 239–44. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.05.023. PMC 3422680. PMID 21855298.

External links

• “Triheptanoin”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
• Clinical trial number NCT01379625 for “Study of Triheptanoin for Treatment of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorder (Triheptanoin)” at ClinicalTrials.gov

Triheptanoin

Clinical data
Trade names	Dojolvi
Other names	UX007
AHFS/Drugs.com	Professional Drug Facts
License data	US DailyMed: Triheptanoin
Pregnancy category	US: N (Not classified yet)
Routes of administration	By mouth
Drug class	Glycerolipids
ATC code	None
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only [1]
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	620-67-7
PubChem CID	69286
DrugBank	DB11677
ChemSpider	62497
UNII	2P6O7CFW5K
KEGG	D11465
ChEMBL	ChEMBL4297585
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID40862306
ECHA InfoCard	100.009.681
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C24H44O6
Molar mass	428.610 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES[hide] CCCCCCC(=O)OCC(COC(=O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCC
InChI[hide] InChI=1S/C24H44O6/c1-4-7-10-13-16-22(25)28-19-21(30-24(27)18-15-12-9-6-3)20-29-23(26)17-14-11-8-5-2/h21H,4-20H2,1-3H3  Key:PJHKBYALYHRYSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

//////////Triheptanoin, Dojolvi,  UX 007, FDA 2020, 2020 APPROVALS

Prescription Products

NAME	DOSAGE	STRENGTH	ROUTE	LABELLER	MARKETING START	MARKETING END
Dojolvi	Liquid	0.96 g/1mL	Oral	Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc.	2020-07-01	Not applicable